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Def:Redirecting an argument so the person redirecting can better answer or respond.

Ex:Mike: It is morally wrong to cheat on your spouse, why on earth would you have done that?

Ken: But what is morality exactly?

Mike: It’s a code of conduct shared by cultures.

Ken: But who creates this code?...

Explanation:Ken has successfully diverted this conversation.

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Def: Substituting a person’s opinion with a skewed view of that position.

Ex:Zebedee: What is your view on the Christian God?

Mike: I don’t believe in any gods, including the Christian one.

Zebedee: So you think that we are here by accident, and all this design in nature is pure chance, and the universe just created itself?

Mike: You got all that from me stating that I just don’t believe in any gods?

Explanation: Mike made one claim but Zebedee changed his view into someone more intense and different.

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Def:Distraction from the truth by the use of pity

Ex:I really deserve an “A” on this paper, professor.  Not only did I study during my grandmother’s funeral, I also passed up the heart transplant surgery, even though that was the first matching donor in 3 years.

Explanation: The fact that we should pity her has nothing to do with the quality of the paper written.

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Def: Someone suggesting an idea must be wrong because they have a particular stance on the issue.

Ex:Salesman: This car gets better than average gas mileage and is one of the most reliable cars according to Consumer Reports.

Will: I doubt it—you obviously just want to sell me that car.

Explanation:Just because the salesman is trying to sell hte car doesn;t mean he is lying.

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Def:popular appeal or appeal to majority

Ex:"I read the other day that most people really like the new gun control laws. I was sort of suspicious of them, but I guess if most people like them, then they must be okay."

Explanation: Just because the majority of people like new gun control laws, doesn’t mean you should like them.

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Def:The argument that since something is popular or everybody is doing it, so should you.

Ex:The "Rachel" haircut that was wildly popular in the late nineties is a great example.  Women who watched Friends all of sudden had to have the same exact haircut

Explanation: Everyone jumped on with popular trends because everyone else was.

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Def: When one small conclusion leads to a much larger conclusion.

Ex:We cannot unlock our child from the closet because if we do, she will want to roam the house.  If we let her roam the house, she will want to roam the neighborhood.  If she roams the neighborhood, she will get picked up by a stranger in a van, who will sell her in a sex slavery ring in some other country.  Therefore, we should keep her locked up in the closet.

Explanation: They jumped from unlocking a closet to sex slavery rings with no proof in between.

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Def: "B" follows "A," "A" must have caused "B."

Ex:I had been doing pretty poorly this season. Then my girlfriend gave me this neon laces for my spikes and I won my next three races. Those laces must be good luck...if I keep on wearing them I can't help but win!

Explanation: Just from having those laces most likely wasn’t the reason he won those 3 races in a row.

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Def: Having a conclusion on a topic based on a small piece of information rather than looking at a bunch of evidence. Drawing a conclusion based on a small sample size, rather than looking at statistics that are much more in line with the typical or average situation.

Ex:Four out of five dentists recommend Happy Glossy Smiley toothpaste brand.  Therefore, it must be great.

Explanation: Only five dentists were asked and were they reliable or not. This could not even be a valid point.

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def:appeal to logic

ex:A politician argues for a new domestic spending program by stating facts and figures about the current level of spending, the current economy, and how this program is projected to improve the economy.

Explanation: By stating facts you are giving real information to them provoking them to truly listen to what your saying

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def:appeal to emotion

ex:Ads encouraging donations, show small children living in pathetic conditions to evoke pity in people to urge them to donate for the cause

Explanation: Makes people sad that their are small children in pathetic conditions to provoke them to donate

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def:appeal to ethics or credibility
ex:“Our expertise in roofing contracting is evidenced not only by our 100 years in the business and our staff of qualified technicians, but in the decades of satisfied customers who have come to expect nothing but the best.”
Explanation: It provides credibility by saying 100 years in business.