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New England Colonies

Puritans who settled in New England sought to establish a church and government different from those they had left behind. They saw the bible as the source of all wisdom and and placed high priority on literacy so that believers could seek the wisdom of "God's Holy Word." Taught children the moral and political values

Well-off families sent boys and girls to a form of Infant school called Petty School. Only boys went to grammar school. Girls were tutored

1642 Massachusetts School Of Law: Charged local magistrates with the responsibility of ensuring parents would not neglect the education of their children. It established education as an endeavor that had important consequences for the whole community and gave power to local officials to levy fines on those who neglected the education of their children. (By law parents were required to educate their children both religion and laws of Puritan Society)

1647: Old Deluder Satan Act is passed. it required the hiring of a school master in each town that had at least 50 residents. Establishing formal schooling for the children of the colony.

introduced the pledge of allegiance

Dame Schools: An organization that began to assume responsibility for the education of the young. They were operated by a local woman, often a widow, who cared for children as young as 2 and taught them basic literacy. The school had a basic curriculum that stressed the alphabet, simple spelling, and some religious training.

Average number of days attended was 78.4 days/year (1869-1870)

During the 17th century, concern for publicly supported education referred only to the very basic education of young children; few learners attended secondary schools.

1635 Boston Latin Grammar School was founded: This school had a specific purpose, preparation of boys for Harvard College.  The curriculum consisted of difficult academic subjects, including Latin, Greek, and Theology.

The Middle Colonies

Benjamin Franklin was among the first to give American education a practical orientation. 1749 Franklin purposed a new kind of school, oriented to the "real world" that would be free of all religious ties. Two years later he established the Franklin Academy: Am institution that was nonsectarian and offered such practical subjects as Mathematics, Astronomy, Navigation, and Bookkeeping. Few attended because it was private and expensive for most families. The establishment of the Franklin Academy directed a lot of attention to the importance of secondary education.

Private academies popularized the idea that secondary education had something important to offer, and they laid the foundation for public support of secondary schools.

The Southern Colonies

Settlements in the southern colonies were distributed along the rivers. There were fewer towns, and most families were separated by considerable distances. Under these conditions, it was difficult to gather enough children in one place to establish schools.

Wealthy families hired tutors for their children

People in these colonies continued to identify strongly with upper-class English values.

Many sent their sons to England to be educated in English schools.

Education in these colonies was generally restricted to children of wealthy landowners; little schooling was available for children from less anffluent families.

Other information:
1638: America's first press is set up at Harvard College. This allowed for the publication of written materials, such as a Psalm book and the Bible.

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Political, economic, and social context

Revolutionary Period, separation from Britain (and Europe as a whole)

Focus on practice science and agriculture over philosophy

Major challenges (that society or education was facing)

School was not accessible to all people

Formal schooling existed primarily for wealthy males of European descent

Major policies related to education

The state of schools

Segregation schooling

Quakers established a school in 1770 for African Americans by Anthony Benezet in Philadelphia

Impactful individuals and figures

Webster began mass producing textbooks

Teachers

Curriculum

John Lock and peers stressed experience. Students learned through experience which helps build their  reasoning.

Imagination was stressed

Parents were involved in student's learning compared to the government.

More emphasis on science and math compared to religion in order to develop the land

Students

mostly males, but the marked the start of women schools

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1803 Louisiana Purchase
Civil War 1861-1865
Ellis Island Processing immigrants 1892
Transcontinental Railway Completed 1869
Monroe Doctrine 1823
Morrill Land Grant 1862
Kalamazoo school funding case 1874
First public high school 1821
Common schools 1830
First public normal school 1839
First kindergarten established 1860
Blacks refused education in the south during this time

Compulsory education laws were established in 32 states by the year 1900
Common education schools were established as a basic elementary education between 1820 and 1860
Until the late 1800s most education was primarily religious, specifically christian
Discipline was common in schools
Early childcare developed
The first high school opened in Boston in 1821
Caters towards white students and people of color were excluded
Very gender separated based on socioeconomic status
Schools for students with disabilities were created in 1817 the first school for the deaf was created and by the end of the 19th century there were more schools for deaf and blind students
There were also native American reservation schools (boarding schools) in 1824 that had purpose of putting students through Americanization and deculturalization

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-  6-3-3 System reform
-  (Civil Rights Movement) equality for people of all races, people with disabilities, and ethnic groups
- school enrollment increases as more people migrate to the U.S. causing teacher shortage
- embrace democratic concept such as participation and engagement of all citizens
-Great Depression
-WWII
-9/11
-Brown v. Board of Education
- John Dewey  (significant educational leader of this era)
-Martin Luther King Jr.
- STEM curriculum changes
- (NDEA)
-Title IX

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- No Child Left Behind Act-purpose was to close student achievement gaps (George Bush),  classrooms are more diverse than ever before
- Cyberbullying, COVID
- No Child Left Behind Act-purpose was to close student achievement gaps (George Bush)
- More safety precautions, prioritizing student health
- George Bush, Barack Obama proposed changes to the NCLB, Michelle Obama (healthier school lunches) Betsy De Vos (Secretary of Education- Trump Administration)
- More male teachers, some feel that teachers are less respected
- First century with schools embracing technology, internet curriculum, 48 states revised the education standards (2009)
- Less structured classrooms, more interactive learning, mental health is more of a conversation, students are becoming better advocates for themselves about certain topics