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Concept:
prescriptive approach

Linguistic phenomenon:
The usage between 'You and Me' or 'You and I'

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Concept:
Prescriptive approach

Linguistic phenomenon:
Prepositions at the end of sentences

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Concept:
The parts of speech

Linguistic phenomenon:
Prepositions of Old English

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For the conclusion I would like to suggest people to know the different between preposition and conjunction since both of this is a part of speech. Part of speech is important to write a sentence or to give a speech.

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CONFUSION IN BETWEEN PREPOSITION AND CONJUNCTION

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CONFUSION IN BETWEEN PREPOSITION AND CONJUNCTION

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Prepositions and conjunctions can be confusing to a student since both of them are connecting words. The main difference between preposition and conjunction is that conjunctions connect two clauses or sentences while prepositions connect nouns or pronouns to another word.

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Prescriptivism and Descriptivism, A study on Attitudes Towards Language
https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1031336/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Understanding Prescriptive vs. Descriptive Grammar

https://amyrey.web.unc.edu/classes/ling-101-online/tutorials/understanding-prescriptive-vs-descriptive-grammar/

On 'Marley and me/I'
http://david-crystal.blogspot.com/2011/08/on-marley-and-mei.html?m=1

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1.https://byjus.com/questions/what-is-the-difference-between-a-conjunction-and-a-preposition/
2.https://eslgrammar.org/conjunction/
3.https://eslforums.com/prepositions/

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Prepositions and conjuctions play a vital role in the formation of sentences. In grammar these two have major differences. Let us know the differences between preposition and conjuction.

Preposition

A preposition refers to a word that is used with a noun or pronoun to show place, position, time or method.

Conjuction

A conjunction refers to a word that creates a connection between words, clauses or phrases.

Difference between preposition and conjuction

The difference between preposition and conjunction is tabulated below

Definition

A preposition refers to a word that is used with a noun or pronoun to show place, position, time or method.

A conjunction refers to a word that creates a connection between words, clauses or phrases.

Function

The main function of a preposition is to highlight the relationship that a particular word has to some other word.

The main function of conjunctions is to connect two things

Category

Prepositions can be categorized as prepositions of place, agent, position, time, direction, or method.

Conjunctions can be categorized as Coordinate conjunctions, Correlative conjunctions, and subordinate conjunctions.

Examples

Here are some examples of preposition: about, above, around, at, against, among, along, below, behind, before, beside, beneath by, being, between, during, down, except, from, for inside, into , in, near, off, of, on, to, towards, under, upon, until, with.

Here are some examples of conjunction: and, but, either/or, neither/nor, not only, because, although, until, while, unless, since, or.

Sentence formation

Here are few sentences with prepositions in it. Prepositions are underlined.

John will wait at the market square until Joe comes.

The fun fair starts before summer.

The boy from India is brilliant.

She likes to swim.

Ram and Sham sat next to each other.

The bonding between Chaitra and Chinnu is good.

Here are few sentences with conjuctions in it. Conjuctions are underlined.

Mahima and Mansi are cousins.

She has been living in this house since eight years.

Mubeen was ill but she did not miss her classes.

Unless you finish the work, I cannot let you leave.

Neither Adithi nor Amitha missed the workshop conducted at the school.

He was at the waiting room while Abhyant was taking his examination.

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What is the difference between a conjunction and a preposition? - GK Q&A

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Prepositions and conjuctions play a vital role in the formation of sentences. In grammar these two have major differences. Let us know the differences between preposition and conjuction. A preposition refers to a word that is used with a noun or pronoun to show place, position, time or method.

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Document ver.

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PREPOSITIONS can be divided into 3 main type which is PLACE, TIME and MOVEMENT OR DIRECTION.
Preposition of place is used to discuss where something has taken place or where it will be taken place.
Preposition of time is used to discuss a specific time period that something happened. They are only used to discuss timing so many of the preposition of time words are the same as preposition of place words.
Preposition of movement or direction are unique in themselves and they work to discuss the movement of direction at which something is travelling or has already traveled.

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1.  COORDINATING CONJUNTIONS
Used to join two words or phrases that are equally important and complete in terms of grammar when compared with each other.
2. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Used to join an independent and complete clause with a dependent clause that relies on the main clause for meaning and relevance.
3. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Pairs of conjunctions used in sentence to join different words or group of words in a sentence together.

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Conjunction :
and, but, because, although, while, since

Preposition :
above, around, before, beside, between, in, towards

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CONJUNCTION
1. Ara and Sharifah are cousins.
2. Mubin was sick but he did not miss his classes.
3. Aisyah did not attend to school because she was ill.

PREPOSITION
1. The fun fair starts before summer.
2. The guy is from that university.
3. Ram and Amir sit down next to each other.

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Conjunctions can be categorized as Coordinate conjunctions, Correlative conjunctions, and Subordinate conjunctions.

Prepositions can be categorized as prepositions of of place, agent, position, time, direction, or method.

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Conjunction :
The main function of conjunctions is to connect two things.
Preposition :
The main function of a preposition is to highlight the relationship that a particular word has to some other word.

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A Conjunction refers to a word that creates a connection between words, clauses or phrases.
While a Proposition refers to a word that is used with a noun or pronoun to show place, position, time or method.

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References                                                                                      

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References                                                                                      

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UTS. (2019, November 11). Formal and Informal Language | University of Technology Sydney. Uts.edu.au; UTS. https://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/grammar/formal-and-informal-language

Szynalski, T. P. (n.d.). Formal and informal English | Antimoon. Www.antimoon.com. Retrieved October 29, 2021, from https://www.antimoon.com/how/formal-informal-english.htm

Formal and informal language - English Grammar Today - Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Dictionary.cambridge.org. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/formal-and-informal-language

10 differences between formal and informal language. (n.d.). Www.londonschool.com. https://www.londonschool.com/blog/10-differences-between-formal-and-informal-language/

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Calude, A. S. (2016, April 12). Transcript of “Does grammar matter?” Www.ted.com. https://www.ted.com/talks/andreea_s_calude_does_grammar_matter/transcript

van Dijk, C. N., van Witteloostuijn, M., Vasić, N., Avrutin, S., & Blom, E. (2016). The Influence of Texting Language on Grammar and Executive Functions in Primary School Children. PLOS ONE, 11(3), e0152409. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152409

Wood, C., Kemp, N., & Waldron, S. (2014). Exploring the longitudinal relationships between the use of grammar in text messaging and performance on grammatical tasks. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 32(4), 415–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12049

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Implications

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Examples

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Relation

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Proof, Reasons and Concept.

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Background, Interesting Point and Proof

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Concept :
Descriptive Approach

Linguistic Phenomenon :
Descriptive Approach in Texting Language

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THE APPLICATION OF GRAMMAR DESCRIPTIVE APPROACH ON TEXTING LANGUAGE

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THE APPLICATION OF GRAMMAR DESCRIPTIVE APPROACH ON TEXTING LANGUAGE

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Yule, George. (2020). The Study of Language (7th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Merriam-Webster. (n.d. ) Ending Sentences With Prepositions
Is It Allowed? Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/prepositions-ending-a-sentence-with

Joki, Kimberly. (n.d.) Ending a Sentence with a Preposition: It`s Ok and It`s Not. Retrieved from https://www.grammarly.com/blog/youve-been-lied-to-heres-why-you-absolutely-can-end-a-sentence-with-a-preposition/

Evans, Kerry. (2016, May 2) Why it's OK—and sometimes better—to end a sentence with a preposition. Retrieved from http://crosstalk.cell.com/blog/why-its-ok-and-sometimes-better-to-end-a-sentence-with-a-preposition

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In conclusion, ending a sentence with a preposition is acceptable even when some people disagree with it. We can end a sentence with or without a preposition depending on the situation.

Even so, avoid using a preposition at the end of a formal sentence. Putting a preposition at the end of a formal sentence make it looks less formal and not proper at the same time. (Joki, 2021).

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1.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Old-English-language
2.https://oldenglish.fandom.com/wiki/Reference_7:_Prepositions
3.https://oldenglish.info/acp4.html
4.https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/prepositions/rules-for-prepositions.html

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This article was most recently revised and updated by

Old English language, also called Anglo-Saxon, language spoken and written in England before 1100; it is the ancestor of Middle English and Modern English. Scholars place Old English in the Anglo-Frisian group of West Germanic languages.

English language: Old English

The Jutes, Angles, and Saxons lived in Jutland, Schleswig, and Holstein, respectively, before settling in Britain. According to the Venerable...

Four dialects of the Old English language are known: Northumbrian in northern England and southeastern Scotland; Mercian in central England; Kentish in southeastern England; and West Saxon in southern and southwestern England. Mercian and Northumbrian are often classed together as the Anglian dialects. Most extant Old English writings are in the West Saxon dialect; the first great period of literary activity occurred during the reign of King Alfred the Great in the 9th century.

In contrast to Modern English, Old English had three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) in the noun and adjective, and nouns, pronouns, and adjectives were inflected for case. Noun and adjective paradigms contained four cases-nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative-while pronouns also had forms for the instrumental case. Old English had a greater proportion of strong verbs (sometimes called irregular verbs in contemporary grammars) than does Modern English. Many verbs that were strong in Old English are weak (regular) verbs in Modern English ( e.g., Old English helpan, present infinitive of the verb help; healp, past singular; hulpon, past plural; holpen, past participle versus Modern English help, helped, helped, helped, respectively).

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Adam Augustyn, Managing Editor, Reference Content.

Learn More in these related Britannica articles:

English language: Old English

The Jutes, Angles, and Saxons lived in Jutland, Schleswig, and Holstein, respectively, before settling in Britain. According to the Venerable Bede, the first historian of the English people, the first Jutes, Hengist...

biblical literature: Old English versions

For about seven centuries after the conversion of England to Christianity (beginning in the 3rd century), the common people had no direct access to the text of the Scriptures. Ignorant of Latin, their biblical knowledge was derived principally from sermons and metrical...

dictionary: Scholarly dictionaries

...English, a period dictionary for Old English (before 1100) was planned for many decades by a dictionary committee of the Modern Language Association of America (Old English section), and finally in the late 1960s it got under way at the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies at the University of Toronto....

key people

related topics

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Old English language | History, Characteristics, Examples, & Facts

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Old English language, language spoken and written in England before 1100; it is the ancestor of Middle English and Modern English. Scholars place Old English in the Anglo-Frisian group of West Germanic languages. Learn more about the Old English language in this article.

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The interesting part is, we thought that this phenomena only happen in English language. However, actually the same phenomena happen in Sweden when they are using Swedish language. It can be prove when the authors of Harviks Engelska Grammatik state that in Swedish, when they are using informal language, they tend to use objective case that is 'me'. For example, "Who is there?- It's only me". Rather than 'It's only I', that sound more formal.

Here are some evidences as proof of existence to this phenomena. Based on David Crystal, a British linguists, he said that a lot of newspaper headlines that seem to use both kind of forms. For instance, Marley and Me, My Bump and Me. In other hand,  there are Withnail and I, The Egg and I and The Duke and I.

In English, we learned that there are two types of approaches in Grammar. That is descriptive approach and prescriptive approach. I would like to highlight about PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH. This approach use by prescriptive grammarian. It teach us how language should be use or how ought it should be. We cannot come out with our own perspective. We must use it like what we had been taught. To give an example, imagine that you are going to somewhere. So, you must follow this particular road, you cannot use another roads or make a shortcut. If not, you will get into trouble or you may get lost. In short, it is a big 'crime' for those who disobey the rules that had been decided from prescriptivism.

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To sum up, English has advanced significantly as humans have become smarter at expressing their thoughts and feelings through language. Even though Old English is almost unrecognizable to modern English speakers, it is still remarkable how language can change over time in terms of usage and grammar. We can appreciate the language more and finally grasp the concept that language is more than just communication by studying its history. It's also a sign of intelligence in humans.

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Prepositions in Old English are spelled and pronounced differently, and how they are used in sentences is also different.
Prepositions were frequently used with pronouns or nouns in Old English, with some taking the dative case and others the accusative or genitive case. Meanwhile, in Modern English prepositions often followed the noun or pronoun without a specific case.

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ġeond - throughout
oð - until

ymb(e) - about, around

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æfter - after
ǣr - before
æt - from
be -by, beside
beæftan - behind
betƿeox - between
būtan - without
onġean - against

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LINGUISTIC PHENOMENON : CONFUSION BETWEEN CONJUNCTION AND PREPOSITION

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LINGUISTIC PHENOMENON : CONFUSION BETWEEN CONJUNCTION AND PREPOSITION

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USAGE OF PREPOSITIONS IN OLD ENGLISH LANGUAGE

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USAGE OF PREPOSITIONS IN OLD ENGLISH LANGUAGE

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ENDING A SENTENCE WITH A PREPOSITION IN PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH

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ENDING A SENTENCE WITH A PREPOSITION IN PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH

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PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH ON THE USAGE OF 'ME OR I'

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PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH ON THE USAGE OF 'ME OR I'

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'You and me or You and I' ?
The usage of pronoun 'me' and 'I' have been mistaken a lot. It is a bit confusing when we think about "when we should use me or I", right. For instance, in sentence "Mom wants to eat between you and me". Sometimes after we say that or when we say that, we become hesitated whether we use the correct pronoun or not. Actually this linguistic phenomena happened since 1760s. Old grammarians had discussed about this issue since that because many native speakers made mistakes in their daily speech regarding the usage of 'me' or 'I'.

One of the reasons why this phenomena occurs because there are varieties of opinion regarding the usage of these two pronouns that lead to a confusion among the native and the non-native speakers. For example in Introducing English Grammar, the authors said that the discussion is not about 'me' or 'I' but it is about the position of the words in certain sentences. Same opinion as Crystal, the authors of "Top ten complaints about grammar". Crystal said that in sentence "between you and ___"; should be 'me', but a lot of people still criticize it and said that it should be 'I' because it is more polite.

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The relation between prescriptive approach and the usage of ‘me’ and ‘I’ can be seen since 1760s. Some grammarians created rules that everyone should follow. It become traditions and warnings were given for those who disobey this rules.

For example, for sentence "between you and me or between you and I" everyone should use me instead of I.
However, in our daily conservation, we always hear "between you and I" that is actually grammarly wrong.

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One of implication of this language phenomena is the existence of another alternative in order to determine the usage of ‘ I’ and ‘me’.

For example, to make a newspaper headlines or movies name; people tend to use word ‘myself’ rather than ‘I’ or ‘me’.
1. Oscar Wilde and myself
2. My Father and myself

Another trick that used by the teachers to teach students about this grammatical phenomena are using ‘close’ trick.
For instance, in sentence
1. My brother and ___ were eating mangoes.
So, to determine between me or I, you must close ‘brother’ and try to enter me or I.
So at this sentence, it will sound like this; I am eating mangoes.
It’s clear that we must use I in this sentence.

Once again, thank you to this phenomena, grammarians and linguistics experts come out with a lot alternatives and ideas to help the up-coming generation to understand this part of grammar.

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Prescriptive approach is telling people how to use the English language in a proper way. This is an approach by the grammarians in the eighteenth century to set up rules to show the correct usage in the English language (Yule, 2020). One of the linguistic phenomena that occurs in this approach is ending a sentence with a preposition.

According to Merriam-Webster, ending a sentence with a preposition such as “on” and “to” is accepted in the English language. However, there are some theories that say ending a sentence with a preposition is wrong. These false theories came from the early usage guides of Joshua Poole and John Dryden. They were on a mission to align the language with Latin. In Latin, it is forbidden to end a sentence with prepositions. Nonetheless, there is no reason to say that ending a sentence with a preposition is wrong. Still, some people prefer to say that it is prohibited.

There are some arguments on how ending a sentence with a preposition`s theory came from. Many people came to believe that the rule was originated by the 17th century poet John Dryden. In 1672, John Dryden rebuked Ben Jonson with, “The prepositions in the end of the sentence; a common fault with him.” Ben Jonson had passed away but many people were affected by the admonishment he got from John Dryden.

Before John Dryden, there was an obscure grammarian named Joshua Poole having the same idea as Dryden. Joshua Poole wrote the idea in his book called The English Accidence. Joshua Poole was really concerned with prepositions being put in their natural order and he never used them to end a sentence. This theory was brought by Nuria Yáñez-Bouza.

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In English, we have two types of sentences, formal and informal. For a formal sentence, it is advised to not use a preposition at the end of it. For example, it is better to write, “To whom should I refer?” rather than “Who should I refer to?” to sound more professional. Next, we have informal sentences. For an informal sentence, we can put a preposition at the end of it to sound more casual. For instance, try using , “Who should I talk to?” instead of,  “To whom should I talk?” The sentence will sound more natural (Joki, 2021).

In English, there are some sentences that would sound weird if they do not end with prepositions. For example, “This is the dress I was telling you about.” If you remove “about” at the end of the sentence, the sentence would be, “This is the dress about which I was telling you.” The sentence is correct but it sounds quite awkward without a preposition at the end of it (Evans, 2016).

There are more sentences that sound good with prepositions at the end of them. Examples:

1. I want him to cheer up.
2. He should just break it off.
3. Stop leading him on.
4. This is the brand I was talking about.

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The ancestor of Middle English and Modern English is the Old English language, also known as Anglo-Saxon. It was spoken and written in England before 1100. Old English is classified as part of the Anglo-Frisian group of West Germanic languages by scholars.

Prepositions are used to relate a verb to a pronoun or noun. In Old English, prepositions were used to assign a case to a noun or pronoun, which was usually dative or accusative. These prepositions are based on Anglo-Saxon language and are quite different from what we use today in Modern English.

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Concept     : Descriptive approach

Linguistic Phenomenon : Informal Language in Daily Life