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Past Tense

- O passado simples dos verbos regulares é marcado pelo sufixo “ed”. Já os verbos irregulares possuem formas próprias, e caso surja alguma dúvida é só consultar a tabela do passado dos verbos irregulares

- Em frases afirmativas, a forma do passado simples é: Sujeito + passado do verbo + complemento.

She broke her leg. (Ela quebrou sua perna).

- Para as sentenças negativas é necessário utilizar o auxiliar “did” + “not” para todas as pessoas.
She did not cut her nails. (Ela não cortou suas unhas).

- Na construção de frases interrogativas, coloca-se primeiro o auxiliar “did”, seguido do sujeito + verbo no infinitivo sem “to” + complemento.
Did John give you all this money? (O John lhe deu todo este dinheiro?).

Used to for habitual actions

- Affirmative: used to + infinitive
Negative: didn’t use to + infinitive
Question: did + subject + use to

- I used to play football every weekend but I don’t have time now
-Did you use to go swimming when you were at school?

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Expressions of quantity with count and noncount nouns

- “Much” and “many” are used in negative sentences and questions. Much is used with non-count nouns such as ‘money.’  Many is used with count nouns such as ‘dog(s).’

- How much money do you have?

- How many dogs are there in the kennel?

- “A lot of” and “lots of” can be used with both count and non-count nouns.  A lot of and lots of are used in positive sentences.

- There is a lot of money in my wallet.

- There are lots of dogs in this neighborhood.

- A little” and “a few” indicate a quantity or number. Use “a little” with non-count nouns and use “a few” with count nouns.

- There is a little money left.

- He has a few dogs

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Evaluations and comparisons with adjectives

- Comparative adjectives compare one person or thing with another and enable us to say whether a person or thing has more or less of a particular quality

Josh is taller than his sister.

- Vídeo https://youtu.be/xTYiESAMyk0

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Present perfect x Simple past

- Você sempre deve utilizar o "present perfect" quando o período de uma ação for irrelevante ou não estiver especificado.
Alternativamente, utilize sempre o "simple past" quando forem fornecidos ou solicitados os detalhes sobre o período ou lugar de uma ação.

- Present perfect

I have lived in Lyon.
They have eaten Thai food.

- Simple past

I lived in Lyon in 1989.
They ate Thai food last night.

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Will x  Going to

- The structure be going to is normally used to indicate the future but with some type of connection to the present.
-I'm going to accept the job offer.

- In other cases, where there is no implicit or explicit connection to the present, use will
- I'll buy one for you too.

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Past

-  A few years ago, there were just houses here

Present

- Today, people order food from their phones

Future

- In a few years, we are going to have virtual friends

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Two part verbs

With Nous

- Turn down the TV.
Turn the TV down

With pronous

- Turn it down
- Put them away

Requests and responses

- Please turn down the music
Ok. I´ll turn down
- Put away your books, please
All right. I´ll put them away

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Gerunds and Infinitives

We use gerunds (verb + ing):

After certain verbs - I enjoy singing

After prepositions - I drank a cup of coffee before leaving

As the subject or object of a sentence - Swimming is good exercise

We use 'to' + infinitive:

After certain verbs - We decided to leave

After many adjectives - It's difficult to get up early

- I came to London to study English

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Relative clauses of time

- Relative clauses are made like the adverbial clauses, so, with an independent and a dependent clause. But they have some differences, the mainly is that we use it to modify a noun. When we use the relative clause we want to know more information about the noun.

- We use the relative pronouns to compose the relative clauses. They are placed after the noun they are modifying. Look some examples of relative pronouns

Ex: February 14th is the day when people give cards to the ones they love

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If clauses

- As if clauses em inglês são as orações condicionais utilizadas em diversas situações e sempre vêm acompanhadas pelo termo If (se).

- Elas são empregadas para falar de planos futuros, de situações prováveis ou improváveis de acontecerem, ou mesmo de escolhas que foram feitas no passado.

- As if clauses são formadas por duas sentenças: a if clause (oração condicional) e a main clause (oração principal). Ou seja, uma oração subordinada e outra principal.

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Gerunds: short responses

- Gerunds are made up of a base verb and +ing. They function as nouns.

- Short responses with "so" and "neither" are ways of agreeing. With both, we use the verb from the original statement. The subject (noun or pronoun) comes after the verb.

Clauses with because

- Because: meaning and use

Because introduces clauses of cause and reason. It is a subordinating conjunction. This means that the clause it introduces is a subordinate clause, which needs a main clause to make it complete. We use a comma when the subordinate clause comes before the main clause:

Everyone left early because Mark and Helen had an argument

- Because of

Because of is a two-word preposition meaning ‘as a result of’:

Because of the rain, the tennis match was stopped.

- Just because, simply because

We can emphasise because with just or simply:

Just because you’re the boss, it doesn’t mean you can be rude to everyone.

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Passive with by (simple past)

- Something was done by someone at sometime in the past.

- Affirmative Form Object + was / were + verb3 (past participle)

- Question Form | Was / Were + Object + verb3 (past participle) ?

Passive with by (simplepresent)

- Something is done by someone regularly / everyday / as expected...

- Affirmative Form | Object + am / is / are + verb3 (past participle)

- Question Form | Am / Is / Are + Object + verb3 (past participle) ?

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Past continuous x simple past

- Simple past [Algo que aconteceu em um determinado momento e não acontece mais]

I talked with my friend yesterday. (Eu conversei com o meu amigo ontem.)

- Past continuous [Fala de um acontecimento em progresso em torno de um ponto específico no passado]

I was walking on the beach. (Eu estava andando na praia.)

- Junto ( past contiuns and simple past)

My parents met each other while( sempre após, será usado ING e a forma no passado) they were working at the same restaurant in Vancouver.

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Past Simple X Past Continuous (Revisão) | Teacher Rafael

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Participles as adjectives

- Some participles can be used as adjectives in either the present or past form.

- Present Participle (-ing) is used to describe something or someone.

"I watched an interesting TV about American history last night."

- Past Participle (-ed) is used to describe how people feel about something or someone.

"I'm interested in American history."

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How to use participles as adjectives - Learners' Questions

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Modals and adverbs

- Modality is about a speaker’s or a writer’s attitude towards the world. A speaker or writer can express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity and ability by using modal words and expressions.

- Modal verbs: Here are the main verbs we use to express modal meanings:

Core modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, shall, would, should, must

Semi-modals: dare, need, ought to, used to

- Modal words and expressions; There are a number of other words and expressions in English, apart from the main modal verbs, which also express modal meanings.

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Unreal Conditionals

- These conditionals refer to hypothetical conditions which have no probability to happen in the past, present or future but express what could/ might have happened.

If I were in New York, I would meet you.

Past modals

- These past modal verbs are all used hypothetically, to talk about things that didn't really happen in the past

- Could have + past participle means that something was possible in the past, or you had the ability to do something in the past, but that you didn't do it.

I could have stayed up late, but I decided to go to bed early.

- Should have + past participle can mean something that would have been a good idea, but that you didn't do it. It's like giving advice about the past when you say it to someone else, or regretting what you did or didn't do when you're talking about yourself.

I should have studied harder!

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Gerunds: short responses

- Affirmative statements with gerunds

I love playing video games

Agree: So do I
Disagree: I don´t

- Negative statements with gerunds

I´m not good at selling

Agree: Neither am I
Disagree: Well. I am

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Clauses with because

- The word because  introduces a cause or reason.

I could be a teacher because I´m very creative.
I wouldn´t want to be a teacher because I´m very impatient