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자이스토리 2회 모의고사 발표신청 링크

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자이스토리 2회 모의고사 발표신청 링크

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shorturl.at/qtV27

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https://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0512/how-large-corporations-get-around-paying-less-in-taxes.aspx

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It is not uncommon for large U.S. corporations to pay no U.S. income taxes despite making billions of dollars in profits. In fact, 55 of America's largest companies paid no income taxes over the three-year period from 2018-2020, all while generating hefty profits. Many even received tax rebates adding up to hundreds of millions of dollars.

How do profitable corporations get away with paying no taxes? The most common ways are accelerated depreciation, offshoring of profits, stock options, and tax credits.

Corporate Tax Rate in the U.S.

Prior to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017, the top corporate tax rate in the U.S. was one of the world's highest, at 35%. At the start of 2018, the corporate tax rate was changed to a flat 21%.

The critical number, however, is the combined average top corporate tax rate, which includes state and federal taxes (reduced by any federal deductions for state taxes paid).

In the U.S. in 2021, that combined average top corporate rate is 25.8%, below the average for nations included in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries.

It also is lower than in some of its peer countries. The comparable rate in France is 32%, although it will be reduced to 25.8% in 2022. Portugal is highest at 31.5%.

The Real Tax Rate vs. the Official Rate

Dig a little deeper though, and you'll find that many U.S. corporations pay far less than this stated rate.

Although the TCJA lowered the corporate tax rate, one of its intended goals was to eliminate tax loopholes and workarounds for large companies.

In 2020, a total of 55 of the companies listed in the Fortune 500 paid zero income taxes, according to Fortune magazine. The names included Nike, FedEx, and Salesforce.com.

They're not outliers. The average effective tax rate for all Fortune 500 companies was 11.3%.

Although the new law did eliminate some old tax breaks and loopholes, it introduced many new ones.

Corporate Tax Loopholes in the U.S.

Clearly, corporations have become extremely savvy at finding ways to pay less in taxes. Here are the big four tax-avoidance strategies:

Accelerated Depreciation

This is one of the most significant business breaks in the U.S. tax code. Accelerated depreciation allows a company to deduct the costs of assets they acquire over a period of years and at a rate that exceeds the actual depreciation of the assets.

This is the biggest single corporate tax break in the U.S. Tax Code. When companies acquire expensive assets, like buildings or factory equipment, they can then deduct their costs from their profits for a period of years.

This is one of the tax breaks that got better with the TCJA. The new law made "full expensing" legal. That is, corporations can write off the entire cost of an investment in the year it is made.

Offshoring Profits

There are significant tax incentives for American corporations to shift profits and jobs overseas,

Many companies have found ways to officially incorporate outside of the U.S. and pay lower corporate tax rates in their new home countries, even though a significant portion of their operations may still reside inside the U.S. They enjoy a zero percent tax rate on most profits generated offshore.

Holding cash in offshore tax havens is another common strategy. Repatriating it to the U.S. would mean having to pay taxes on it.

Big tech alone, led by Apple and Microsoft, disclosed a total of more than $100 billion in their most recent fiscal years that were made abroad and held offshore, and therefore was not subject to U.S. taxation. Bloomberg News notes that software code is a lot easier to shift around than factory equipment.

Other corporate tax breaks benefit other industries. Certain types of banking and insurance income are free from taxes if they are earned overseas. Allowable write-offs and depreciation expenses can also loom large. Interest from debt is also deductible.

In its most basic form, the boosting of expenses to offset revenues will lower the tax rates that corporations pay.

Stock Options

Stock options have become a standard form of compensation for company CEOs and other top executives.

Employees love them because they can be extremely lucrative. The company awards them the option to buy a set number of shares at a specific price sometime in the future, typically within 10 years. If the company stock rises, they cash in.

Companies love them because it allows them to report larger profits to their shareholders while reporting smaller profits to the Internal Revenue Service. That allows them to collectively save billions on their taxes.

Tax Credits

Corporate tax credits are intended as incentives for companies to engage in activities or practices that the government thinks are beneficial to the nation.

The list of possible tax credits is long, from one for providing childcare to employees to one for using biofuels. Some are industry-specific, such as the mine rescue team training credit.

The Bottom Line

The actual overall tax rates paid by corporations could be somewhat higher when figuring in the multitude of rates that these entities must pay on a worldwide basis. In the U.S., their payments come in far below the stated corporate rate, but these companies must still pay taxes to the overseas locations they do business in or locate their headquarters to.

Overall, it calls into question the need to reduce the official corporate tax rate, since it has little relation to the rates that American corporations actually pay.

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How Large Corporations Avoid Paying Taxes

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It is not uncommon for large U.S. corporations to pay no U.S. income taxes despite making billions of dollars in profits. In fact, 55 of America's largest companies paid no income taxes over the three-year period from 2018-2020, all while generating hefty profits. Many even received tax rebates adding up to hundreds of millions of dollars.

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http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160912000852&ACE_SEARCH=1

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Forget sunshine and soil to grow leafy greens and fresh vegetables for health-conscious consumers. A US venture firm is leading a new wave of future agriculture by adopting the latest technology to produce something more fresh, safe and environmentally conscious at the heart of urban spaces.

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https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/geopolitics-syrian-civil-war

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(ABD DOUMANY/AFP/Getty Images)

Editor's Note

With the war in Syria showing no signs of abating, we republish our Jan. 21, 2014, weekly explaining the complex geopolitics of the conflict.

International diplomats will gather Jan. 22 in the Swiss town of Montreux to hammer out a settlement designed to end Syria's three-year civil war. The conference, however, will be far removed from the reality on the Syrian battleground. Only days before the conference was scheduled to begin, a controversy threatened to engulf the proceedings after the United Nations invited Iran to participate, and Syrian rebel representatives successfully pushed for the offer to be rescinded. The inability to agree upon even who would be attending the negotiations is an inauspicious sign for a diplomatic effort that was never likely to prove very fruitful.

There are good reasons for deep skepticism. As Syrian President Bashar al Assad's forces continue their fight to recover ground against the increasingly fratricidal rebel forces, there is little incentive for the regime, heavily backed by Iran and Russia, to concede power to its sectarian rivals at the behest of Washington, especially when the United States is already negotiating with Iran. Ali Haidar, an old classmate of al Assad's from ophthalmology school and a long-standing member of Syria's loyal opposition, now serving somewhat fittingly as Syria's National Reconciliation Minister, captured the mood of the days leading up to the conference in saying "Don't expect anything from Geneva II. Neither Geneva II, not Geneva III nor Geneva X will solve the Syrian crisis. The solution has begun and will continue through the military triumph of the state."

Widespread pessimism over a functional power-sharing agreement to end the fighting has led to dramatic speculation that Syria is doomed either to break into sectarian statelets or, as Haidar articulated, revert to the status quo, with the Alawites regaining full control and the Sunnis forced back into submission. Both scenarios are flawed. Just as international mediators will fail to produce a power-sharing agreement at this stage of the crisis, and just as Syria's ruling Alawite minority will face extraordinary difficulty in gluing the state back together, there is also no easy way to carve up Syria along sectarian lines. A closer inspection of the land reveals why.

The Geopolitics of Syria

Before the 1916 Sykes-Picot agreement traced out an awkward assortment of nation-states in the Middle East, the name Syria was used by merchants, politicians and warriors alike to describe a stretch of land enclosed by the Taurus Mountains to the north, the Mediterranean to the west, the Sinai Peninsula to the south and the desert to the east. If you were sitting in 18th-century Paris contemplating the abundance of cotton and spices on the other side of the Mediterranean, you would know this region as the Levant - its Latin root "levare" meaning "to raise," from where the sun would rise in the east. If you were an Arab merchant traveling the ancient caravan routes in the Hejaz, or modern-day Saudi Arabia, facing the sunrise to the east, you would have referred to this territory in Arabic as Bilad al-Sham, or the "land to the left" of Islam's holy sites on the Arabian Peninsula.

Whether viewed from the east or the west, the north or the south, Syria will always find itself in an unfortunate position surrounded by much stronger powers. The rich, fertile lands straddling Asia Minor and Europe around the Sea of Marmara to the north, the Nile River Valley to the south and the land nestled between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers to the east give rise to larger and more cohesive populations. When a power in control of these lands went roaming for riches farther afield, they inevitably came through Syria, where blood was spilled, races were intermixed, religions were negotiated and goods were traded at a frenzied and violent pace.

Consequently, only twice in Syria's pre-modern history could this region claim to be a sovereign and independent state: during the Hellenistic Seleucid dynasty, based out of Antioch (the city of Antakya in modern-day Turkey) from 301 to 141 B.C., and during the Umayyad Caliphate, based out of Damascus, from A.D. 661 to 749. Syria was often divided or subsumed by its neighbors, too weak, internally fragmented and geographically vulnerable to stand its own ground. Such is the fate of a borderland.

Unlike the Nile Valley, Syria's geography lacks a strong, natural binding element to overcome its internal fissures. An aspiring Syrian state not only needs a coastline to participate in sea trade and guard against sea powers, but also a cohesive hinterland to provide food and security. Syria's rugged geography and patchwork of minority sects have generally been a major hindrance to this imperative.

Syria's long and extremely narrow coastline abruptly transforms into a chain of mountains and plateaus. Throughout this western belt, pockets of minorities, including Alawites, Christians and Druze, have sequestered themselves, equally distrustful of outsiders from the west as they are of local rulers to the east, but ready to collaborate with whomever is most likely to guarantee their survival. The long mountain barrier then descends into broad plains along the Orontes River Valley and the Bekaa Valley before rising sharply once again along the Anti-Lebanon range, the Hawran plateau and the Jabal al-Druze mountains, providing more rugged terrain for persecuted sects to hunker down and arm themselves.

Just west of the Anti-Lebanon mountains, the Barada river flows eastward, giving rise to a desert oasis also known as Damascus. Protected from the coast by two mountain chains and long stretches of desert to the east, Damascus is essentially a fortress city and a logical place to make the capital. But for this fortress to be a capital worthy of regional respect, it needs a corridor running westward across the mountains to Mediterranean ports along the ancient Phoenician (or modern-day Lebanese) coast, as well as a northward route across the semi-arid steppes, through Homs, Hama and Idlib, to Aleppo.

The saddle of land from Damascus to the north is relatively fluid territory, making it an easier place for a homogenous population to coalesce than the rugged and often recalcitrant coastline. Aleppo sits alongside the mouth of the Fertile Crescent, a natural trade corridor between Anatolia to the north, the Mediterranean (via the Homs Gap) to the west and Damascus to the south. While Aleppo has historically been vulnerable to dominant Anatolian powers and can use its relative distance to rebel against Damascus from time to time, it remains a vital economic hub for any Damascene power.

Finally, jutting east from the Damascus core lie vast stretches of desert, forming a wasteland between Syria and Mesopotamia. This sparsely populated route has long been traveled by small, nomadic bands of men - from caravan traders to Bedouin tribesmen to contemporary jihadists - with few attachments and big ambitions.

Demography by Design

The demographics of this land have fluctuated greatly, depending on the prevailing power of the time. Christians, mostly Eastern Orthodox, formed the majority in Byzantine Syria. The Muslim conquests that followed led to a more diverse blend of religious sects, including a substantial Shiite population. Over time, a series of Sunni dynasties emanating from Mesopotamia, the Nile Valley and Asia Minor made Syria the Sunni-majority region that it is today. While Sunnis came to heavily populate the Arabian Desert and the saddle of land stretching from Damascus to Aleppo, the more protective coastal mountains were meanwhile peppered with a mosaic of minorities. The typically cult-like minorities forged fickle alliances and were always on the lookout for a more distant sea power they could align with to balance against the dominant Sunni forces of the hinterland.

The French, who had the strongest colonial links to the Levant, were masters of the minority manipulation strategy, but that approach also came with severe consequences that endure to this day. In Lebanon, the French favored Maronite Christians, who came to dominate Mediterranean sea trade out of bustling port cities such as Beirut at the expense of poorer Sunni Damascene merchants. France also plucked out a group known as the Nusayris living along the rugged Syrian coast, rebranded them as Alawites to give them religious credibility and stacked them in the Syrian military during the French mandate.

When the French mandate ended in 1943, the ingredients were already in place for major demographic and sectarian upheaval, culminating in the bloodless coup by Hafiz al Assad in 1970 that began the highly irregular Alawite reign over Syria. With the sectarian balance now tilting toward Iran and its sectarian allies, France's current policy of supporting the Sunnis alongside Saudi Arabia against the mostly Alawite regime that the French helped create has a tinge of irony to it, but it fits within a classic balance-of-power mentality toward the region.

Setting Realistic Expectations

The delegates discussing Syria this week in Switzerland face a series of irreconcilable truths that stem from the geopolitics that have governed this land since antiquity.

The anomaly of a powerful Alawite minority ruling Syria is unlikely to be reversed anytime soon. Alawite forces are holding their ground in Damascus and steadily regaining territory in the suburbs. Lebanese militant group Hezbollah is meanwhile following its sectarian imperative to ensure the Alawites hold onto power by defending the traditional route from Damascus through the Bekaa Valley to the Lebanese coast, as well as the route through the Orontes River Valley to the Alawite Syrian coast. So long as the Alawites can hold Damascus, there is no chance of them sacrificing the economic heartland.

It is thus little wonder that Syrian forces loyal to al Assad have been on a northward offensive to retake control of Aleppo. Realizing the limits to their own military offensive, the regime will manipulate Western appeals for localized cease-fires, using a respite in the fighting to conserve its resources and make the delivery of food supplies to Aleppo contingent on rebel cooperation with the regime. In the far north and east, Kurdish forces are meanwhile busy trying to carve out their own autonomous zone against mounting constraints, but the Alawite regime is quite comfortable knowing that Kurdish separatism is more of a threat to Turkey than it is to Damascus at this point.

The fate of Lebanon and Syria remain deeply intertwined. In the mid-19th century, a bloody civil war between Druze and Maronites in the densely populated coastal mountains rapidly spread from Mount Lebanon to Damascus. This time around, the current is flowing in reverse, with the civil war in Syria now flooding Lebanon. As the Alawites continue to gain ground in Syria with aid from Iran and Hezbollah, a shadowy amalgam of Sunni jihadists backed by Saudi Arabia will become more active in Lebanon, leading to a steady stream of Sunni-Shiite attacks that will keep Mount Lebanon on edge.

The anomaly of a powerful Alawite minority ruling Syria is unlikely to be reversed anytime soon.

The United States may be leading the ill-fated peace conference to reconstruct Syria, but it doesn't really have any strong interests there. The depravity of the civil war itself compels the United States to show that it is doing something constructive, but Washington's core interest for the region at the moment is to preserve and advance a negotiation with Iran. This goal sits at odds with a publicly stated U.S. goal to ensure al Assad is not part of a Syrian transition, and this point may well be one of many pieces in the developing bargain between Washington and Tehran. However, al Assad holds greater leverage so long as his main patron is in talks with the United States, the only sea power currently capable of projecting significant force in the eastern Mediterranean.

Egypt, the Nile Valley power to the south, is wholly ensnared in its own internal problems. So is Turkey, the main power to the north, which is now gripped in a public and vicious power struggle that leaves little room for Turkish adventurism in the Arab world. That leaves Saudi Arabia and Iran as the main regional powers able to directly manipulate the Syrian sectarian battleground. Iran, along with Russia, which shares an interest in preserving relations with the Alawites and thus its access to the Mediterranean, will hold the upper hand in this conflict, but the desert wasteland linking Syria to Mesopotamia is filled with bands of Sunni militants eager for Saudi backing to tie down their sectarian rivals.

And so the fighting will go on. Neither side of the sectarian divide is capable of overwhelming the other on the battlefield and both have regional backers that will fuel the fight. Iran will try to use its relative advantage to draw the Saudi royals into a negotiation, but a deeply unnerved Saudi Arabia will continue to resist as long as Sunni rebels still have enough fight in them to keep going. Fighters on the ground will regularly manipulate appeals for cease-fires spearheaded by largely disinterested outsiders, all while the war spreads deeper into Lebanon. The Syrian state will neither fragment and formalize into sectarian statelets nor reunify into a single nation under a political settlement imposed by a conference in Geneva. A mosaic of clan loyalties and the imperative to keep Damascus linked to its coastline and economic heartland - no matter what type of regime is in power in Syria - will hold this seething borderland together, however tenuously.

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(ABD DOUMANY/AFP/Getty Images) With the war in Syria showing no signs of abating, we republish our Jan. 21, 2014, weekly explaining the complex geopolitics of the conflict. International diplomats will gather Jan. 22 in the Swiss town of Montreux to hammer out a settlement designed to end Syria's three-year civil war.

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http://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220413000670&ACE_SEARCH=1

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South Korean telecommunications giant SK Telecom said Wednesday it has agreed to buy a stake in Morph Interactive, a Seoul-based three-dimensional motion graphics company, in a move to bolster a strategic partnership for accelerating its metaverse push.

The deal terms, such as acquisition cost and the amount of Morph Interactive's stake, was undisclosed upon the consent of the two companies.

Morph Interactive has been dedicated to real-time 3D visual effects on Unity's game engine, as well as technologies for virtual reality and augmented reality. It has worked with Korean telecom firms SK Telecom and KT.

SK Telecom said the new strategic investment will accelerate the speed of advancing ifland, a fledgling metaverse platform where users and clients can make digital interactions in a virtual world.

By the end of 2022, ifland aims to adopt gamification, issue its own digital asset for crypto economy, and launch a shop that allows users to custom design outfits for their avatars.

Morph Interactive has been a longtime partner and played a critical role in developing ifland metaverse platform at its early stage, SK Telecom added.

The strategic investment will lay a cornerstone for "providing ifland users with more fun factors," Yang Maeng-seok, head of SK Telecom's metaverse business, said in a statement.

Launched in July 2021, ifland is considered one of the two major metaverse platforms in Korea, along with Naver's Zepeto. The global version of ifland was unveiled in the Mobile World Congress 2022 in Barcelona in March.

( consnow@heraldcorp.com)

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SK Telecom buys stake in 3D motion graphics firm in metaverse push

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South Korean telecommunications giant SK Telecom said Wednesday it has agreed to buy a stake in Morph Interactive, a Seoul-based three-dimensional motion graphics company, in a move to bolster a strategic partnership for accelerating its metaverse push. The deal terms, such as acquisition cost and the amount of Morph Interactive's stake, was undisclosed upon the consent of the two companies.

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http://naver.me/xeHQKwCd

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Amy Milton: Can we edit memories? | TED Talk - https://www.ted.com/talks/amy_milton_can_we_edit_memories

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http://naver.me/xeHQKwCd

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http://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220505000268&np=1&mp=1

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Actress Kang Soo-youn taken to hospital with cardiac arrest

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South Korean actress Kang Soo-youn has been taken to hospital with cardiac arrest, according to local reports on Thursday. Citing the police and emergency authorities, local reports said she was found with cardiac arrest at around 5 p.m. in Gangnam and given cardiopulmonary resuscitation while bei…

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http://naver.me/FRrvC9Wa

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LG CNS to build AI-powered smart farming platform

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LG Group’s IT solutions unit LG CNS said Tuesday that it has joined the government’s new smart farming project to build an artificial intelligence-based platform that offers the ultimate guidelines for more efficient and high-yield farming. The project, launched by the Agriculture Ministry and the…

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모기가 윙윙대는 진짜 이유

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모기가 윙윙대는 진짜 이유

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https://www.ted.com/talks/greg_gage_the_real_reason_why_mosquitoes_buzz/transcript/transcript

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Greg Gage: The real reason why mosquitoes buzz

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What does the love song of a mosquito sound like? Find out as our intrepid neuroscientists explore the meaning of all that annoying buzzing in your ear.

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http://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20171129000802&ACE_SEARCH=1

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진행자: 조혜림, Paul Kerry

1. 북한 미사일 발사

기사요약: 북한이 11월 29일 오전 3시 17분께 평남 평성 일대에서 대륙간탄도미사일인 화성-15형을 발사했다. 지난 9월 중장거리미사일(IRBM)급 '화성-12'형을 발사한 지 75일만에이며 북한 측에 따르면 이번 미사일의 최대 고도는 4,475km, 비행 거리는 950km다.

NK launches ICBM in possibly its longest-range test yet

[1] North Korea abruptly ended a 10-week pause in its weapons testing Tuesday by launching what the Pentagon said was an intercontinental ballistic missile -- apparently its longest-range test yet -- a move that will escalate already high tensions with Washington.

*abruptly 급작스럽게
*pause 잠시 멈추다
*intercontinental ballistic missile 대륙간 탄도미사일
*apparently 듣자하니, 보아하니

[2] The launch, in the wee hours Wednesday in Asia, is North Korea's first since it fired an intermediate-range missile over Japan on Sept. 15, and it appeared to shatter chances that the hiatus could lead to renewed diplomacy over the reclusive country's nuclear program. US officials have sporadically floated the idea of direct talks with North Korea if it maintained restraint.

*wee hours 꼭두새벽
*shatter 산산조각 내다
*reclusive 은둔
*sporadically 산발적, 우발적으로
*float (물 위나 공중에서) 뜨다, 띄우다
*restraint 통제, 자제
[3] An intercontinental ballistic missile test is considered particularly provocative, and indications it flew higher than past launches suggest progress by Pyongyang in developing a weapon of mass destruction that could strike the US mainland. President Donald Trump has vowed to prevent North Korea from having that capability -- using military force if necessary.
*indication 암시, 조짐
*weapons of mass destruction 대량살상무기
*vow 약속하다
*capability 역량, 능력

기사전문: http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20171129000138

2. 북한 공격대상지, 청와대-백악관 포함

내용요약: 유럽외교관계이사회가 최근에 북한의 미사일 표적들을 알아냈다는 보고서를 발표했다. 미사일 표적 리스트에는 청와대와 미국의 백악관, 미국과 한국의 주요도시들이 포함됐다.
[2] "North Korea lacks a clear distinction between the use of nuclear weapons against military targets and their use against civilian targets, or any plan for a gradual escalation from attacking military bases to striking cities," the European Council on Foreign Relations said in a recent report.

North Korea's top 15 nuclear and missile targets: report

[1] North Korea's nuclear and missile hit list includes Cheong Wa Dae, the White House and major cities in both South Korea and the United States, a European think tank report said.

*hit list 공격대상, 살생부

*distinction 뚜렷한 차이, 구별
*civilian 민간인
*gradual 점진적인, 서서히 일어나는
*escalation 단계적 확대, 증가, 악화되다
*strike 치다, 때리다, 부딪치다

[4] The South Korean military said Tuesday it is keeping close tabs on the North for signs of its next provocation, in collaboration with the US.

*keep close tab 엄중히 감시하다
*provocation 도발
*collaboration 공동작업, 협동

기사전문: http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20171128000755&ACE_SEARCH=1

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[팟캐스트](223) 북한 미사일 발사, 북한 공격대상자 청와대-백악관 포함

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(Yonhap)진행자: 조혜림, Paul Kerry1. 북한 미사일 발사 기사요약: 북한이 11월 29일 오전 3시 17분께 평남 평성 일대에서 대륙간탄도미사일인 화성-15형을 발사했다. 지난 9월 중장거리미사일(IRBM)급 '화성-12'형을 발사한 지 75일만에이며 북한 측에 따르면 이번 미사일의 최대 고도는 4,475km, 비행 거리는 950km다. 아이튠즈(아이폰): https://itunes.apple.com/kr/podcast/koliaheleoldeu-paskaeseuteu/id686406253?mt=2팟빵 (안드로이드): h...

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https://www.ted.com/talks/jim_hagemann_snabe_dreams_and_details_for_a_decarbonized_future/transcript?language=en

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Jim Hagemann Snabe: Dreams and details for a decarbonized future

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As chairman of the world's largest maritime shipping company, Jim Hagemann Snabe thinks a lot about how goods get where they need to go and the impact their journey has on the planet.

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Caleb Barlow: Where is cybercrime really coming from?

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Cybercrime netted a whopping $450 billion in profits last year, with 2 billion records lost or stolen worldwide. Security expert Caleb Barlow calls out the insufficiency of our current strategies to protect our data. His solution? We need to respond to cybercrime with the same collective effort as we apply to a health care crisis, sharing timely information on who is infected and how the disease is spreading. If we’re not sharing, he says, then we’re part of the problem.

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http://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220505000128&ACE_SEARCH=1

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From left: Plana's Chief Product Officer Lee Jin-mo, CEO Braden J. Kim and Chief Strategy Officer Ahn Min-young pose for a photo during an interview with The Korea Herald in Seoul on Monday. Park Hyun-koo/The Korea Herald

Flying is a common mode of transport when it comes to domestic travel. Whether it's for business or pleasure, people need to travel to the nearest provincial airport to visit other cities. That's an extra one or two hours of traveling, in addition to the flight time.

But according to Plana, a South Korean startup dedicated to building vertical takeoff and landing aircraft powered by hybrid e-powertrains, UAM can dramatically reduce travel time, as they can easily take off inside the city via "vertiports" -- landing pads for flying cars.

For Braden J. Kim, a 38-year-old aerospace and mechanical engineering expert who founded the UAM startup in 2020, what makes UAM more feasible is the company's hybrid powertrain.

"We thought that UAM's powertrain run by electrical batteries have restrictions and that's how we came up with the conclusion that only hybrid technology can offset the potential problems caused by technology and the product's profitability," Kim told The Korea Herald.

Plana says its hybrid technology can be simply explained as attaching a gas turbine-based charger to the UAM aircraft's battery. Such turbines have been used in standard aircraft for decades as the Auxiliary Power Unit, and its technical credibility and safety have been guaranteed. The lifespan of such hybrid e-powertrain batteries is almost semipermanent, compared to the standard e-battery lifespan at around three to four years.

Such technology can allow UAM vehicles to increase travel range so it can move between cities, according to Plana.

"As hybrid models can utilize the existing airspace and air-traffic system of regional airplanes and helicopters during mid- and long-range flights, it will give us an early intercity market opportunity, relatively free from infrastructure constraints and social acceptance issues in a dense urban area," said Kim.

Plana is not the only player in the UAM field that's focusing on hybrid technology for UAM powertrains. Japan's Honda announced last year it would create the turbine-based hybrid UAM so that it could move between two cities. South Korean defense electronics and smart tech service provider Hanwha System announced a plan to commercialize UAM based on the gas turbine and battery by 2030 and fly a fully hydrogen fuel cell model by 2035.

"UAM is not a market one can monopolize, due to the industry's massive size involving various stakeholders -- telcos, construction companies for vertiports, firms managing and training pilots, local governments, regulatory authorities and more. That's why more players in the field can help lead the ecosystem to grow," Kim added.

Under the company vision "Design the new sky," Kim's two other co-founders, both 35, said Plana wants to bring UAM to the mainstream.

"Just like Ford led the commercialization of vehicles in early 1900s, we believe UAM will ultimately change the concept of public transportation," said Ahn Min-young, Plana's chief strategy officer.

Plana Chief Product Officer Lee Jin-mo also said UAM will allow customers to take off from vertiports just 10 to 15 minutes away from one's home or workplace.

"We want to primarily focus on the premium market serving long-distance routes and then move on to the short-range travels so the price of travel can become equivalent to those of taxis or low-cost carriers," said Lee.

Changing the mobility paradigm also means not just making UAM aircraft that's accessible or affordable, but also widely accepted by the public, according to Ahn and Lee.

"UAM will become a concept of mobility that's not just used for long-distance travel or business trips between the cities, but simply a means of transportation for a daytrip to cities within 300 miles (480 kilometers) -- UAM will help expand the definition of people's idea of a daytrip," said Lee.

Aiming at releasing smaller-sized cargo delivery aircraft by 2024 and passenger-carrying UAM by 2028, Plana said it would also seek partnerships with existing market leaders.

"In terms of the cargo delivery business, UAM will be useful and will help the market grow even bigger. Just like Amazon or Google's parent company Alphabet has been operating delivery services using drones, we are very interested in joining hands with local logistics firms like Coupang and CJ to secure both data and customers," said Kim.

While existing market pioneers like Joby Aviation and Volocopter have partnered with South Korean conglomerates for future business opportunities here, Plana is betting on global talents.

All three founders have built their expertise globally. A recipient of engineering scholarships from Korean and Japanese governments, Kim graduated from Nagoya University and holds a doctorate in mechanical engineering at MIT. He most recently led Hyundai Motor Group's UAM vehicle development department.

Ahn, who studied at Nagoya University and was also a government scholarship recipient, finished his master's degree in electrical engineering at the University of Tokyo, worked as a researcher at LG Electronics and pivoted toward business strategy. He currently leads Plana's strategy and operation.

Lee, after graduating from KAIST, completed an integrated doctoral program in computational mechanics at Carnegie Mellon University before moving on to work at Hyundai Motor Group. There he helped develop noise and vibration technology applied to vehicles such as the GV80. He currently serves as an adjunct professor at Postech teaching a UAM-related course.

Such background and professional expertise are commonplace at Plana -- over 60 percent of the workforce at the 1-year-old startup hold master's or doctoral degrees, according to the firm.

"We have great talents joining our team which is rapidly growing. Over 20 engineers currently work with us, whose backgrounds all vary but have one same thing -- passion for what they want to do in this field," said Kim, adding that his colleagues have come from countries like France, India, Turkey, Australia, Japan, the US and UAE.

Kim said he spends most of his time looking for talents, whether through LinkedIn or those who approach Plana via email or on social media.

"We really look for candidates who not only have technical skills but also people skills -- we want those with passion and leadership," he said.

"Those who work together from the very early stages of a company really matter. They really shape the company culture and form the atmosphere at work to increase work efficiency. We do not want to spend more money in replacing the workforce."
This is the third installment of a series of articles and interviews exploring the world of urban air mobility and the people behind the latest technological advancements. --Ed.
By Kim Da-sol ( ddd@heraldcorp.com)

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[UP IN THE AIR] Korean startup aims to boost UAM battery capacity with hybrid technology

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Flying is a common mode of transport when it comes to domestic travel. Whether it's for business or pleasure, people need to travel to the nearest provincial airport to visit other cities. That's an extra one or two hours of traveling, in addition to the flight time.

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http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220110000576&ACE_SEARCH=1

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LG Electronics said Monday it has joined the IBM Quantum Network as a member to further explore its applications for quantum computing required in the field of artificial intelligence, connected cars, internet of things and robotics.

LG Electronics, an electronics arm of South Korea's fourth-largest conglomerate, was the latest to take part in the alliance of over 170 entities. Those taking part in the community as a member, partner or quantum hub are given access to IBM's quantum computing system and an open-source quantum information software development kit, known as Qiskit.

To leverage this technology, LG Electronics employees will be provided with workforce training to help them solve problems that are intractable for standard computers which calculate in bits represented by 0 and 1.

The quantum computing mechanism can be applied in finance, energy, chemistry, materials science, ‎optimization and machine learning, according to LG.

LG Electronics said the partnership with IBM will accelerate its quantum computing hardware and software advances, as well as their industry applications, in accordance with IBM's quantum roadmap.

"We're happy to welcome LG Electronics to a growing quantum computing ecosystem in Korea at an exciting time for the region," Jay Gambetta, vice president in charge of Quantum Computing at IBM, said in a statement.

"The relationship between IBM and LG Electronics will permit LG to explore new types of problems associated with emerging technologies and will help strengthen the quantum capabilities in Korea."

"Based on our open innovation strategy, we plan to use IBM Quantum to develop our competency in quantum computing," said Kim Byoung-hoon, chief technology officer and executive vice president of LG Electronics.

Among Korean entities, the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University and Samsung have been part of the IBM Quantum Network.

The partnership ups LG's groupwide push for next-generation computing technology adoption. In December, LG CNS, an information and communication technology affiliate of LG Group, joined hands with Japan-based Fujitsu to employ Fujitsu's digital annealer computational architecture, a quantum computing-inspired technology for mathematical optimization that could not be achieved with classical computers.

By Son Ji-hyoung ( consnow@heraldcorp.com)

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LG Electronics said Monday it has joined the IBM Quantum Network as a member to further explore its applications for quantum computing required in the field of artificial intelligence, connected cars, internet of things and robotics. LG Electronics, an electronics arm of South Korea's fourth-largest conglomerate, was the latest to take part in the alliance of over 170 entities.

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https://www.ted.com/talks/ted_ed_how_much_electricity_does_it_take_to_power_the_world?language=ko

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TED-Ed: 세계에 전력을 공급하기 위해서는 전기가 얼마나 필요할까요?

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전 세계에서 수백만 명이 매 순간 스위치를 올리고, 플러그를 꽂고, '켜기' 단추를 누릅니다. 그렇다면 인류는 전기를 얼마나 사용할까요? 그리고 미래에는 전기가 얼마나 필요할까요? 전 세계에 전력을 공급하는 데 얼만큼의 에너지가 필요한지, 그리고 청정 에너지원이 어떻게 전력 공급에 혁명을 일으킬 수 있는지를 알아봅시다.

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2604김도우 ted-how stress affects your brain

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Stress isn’t always a bad thing; it can be handy for a burst of extra energy and focus, like when you’re playing a competitive sport or have to speak in public. But when it’s continuous, it actually begins to change your brain. Madhumita Murgia shows how chronic stress can affect brain size, its structure, and how it functions, right down to the level of your genes. [Directed by Andrew Zimbelman, narrated by Addison Anderson, music by Josh Smoak].

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https://www.ted.com/talks/cathy_mulzer_the_incredible_chemistry_powering_your_smartphone

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Get a daily email featuring the latest talk, plus a quick mix of trending content.

By subscribing, you understand and agree that we will store, process and manage your personal information according to our Privacy Policy

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Cathy Mulzer: The incredible chemistry powering your smartphone

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Ever wondered how your smartphone works? Take a journey down to the atomic level with scientist Cathy Mulzer, who reveals how almost every component of our high-powered devices exists thanks to chemists -- and not the Silicon Valley entrepreneurs that come to most people's minds.

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https://www.ted.com/talks/ted_ed_what_s_the_best_fuel_for_your_car?language=en

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TED-Ed: What's the best fuel for your car?

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Historically, most cars have run on gasoline, but that doesn't have to be the case in the future: other liquid fuels and electricity can also power cars. So what are the differences between these options? And which one's best? Dig into which fuel- gasoline, electric, biofuels, or electrofuels- is both affordable for consumers and sustainable for the planet.

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https://www.ted.com/talks/amit_kalra_3_creative_ways_to_fix_fashion_s_waste_problem?referrer=playlist-the_big_problem_with_fashion_and_how_to_fix_it

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Amit Kalra: 3 creative ways to fix fashion's waste problem

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What happens to the clothes we don't buy? You might think that last season's coats, trousers and turtlenecks end up being put to use, but most of it (nearly 13 million tons each year in the United States alone) ends up in landfills. Fashion has a waste problem, and Amit Kalra wants to fix it.

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https://www.ted.com/talks/shohini_ghose_a_beginner_s_guide_to_quantum_computing

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Shohini Ghose: A beginner's guide to quantum computing

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A quantum computer isn't just a more powerful version of the computers we use today; it's something else entirely, based on emerging scientific understanding -- and more than a bit of uncertainty. Enter the quantum wonderland with TED Fellow Shohini Ghose and learn how this technology holds the potential to transform medicine, create unbreakable encryption and even teleport information.

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자이스토리 1회 모의고사 발표신청 링크

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자이스토리 1회 모의고사 발표신청 링크

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shorturl.at/gvHKM

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169pg

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168pg

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167pg

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163pg

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162pg

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161pg

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157pg

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156pg

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170pg

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pg170 18 19번

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169pg

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16번 17번

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4/14

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pg168

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pg167 12 13번