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ADIS

= Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- it is a result of infection of HIV virus which gets into the bloodstream
- it causes body´s immune system which helps the body fight off illnesses
- 12 million people suffer from AIDS (many of them are teenagers)
-no cure for this disease- always  fatal
- virus AIDS is in the blood
- how to get AIDS - having sexual contact which someone who has AIDS
- pregnant woman can born infected child
- sharing drug needles with infected person
- by blood
bulimia

- mental illness
- people eat uncontrolled and in large amounts and then they vomit intentionally

anorexia

- serious mental illness
- people don´t eat or eat only too little
- result is dangerous weight loss

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What is it?
It is a state, whene someone needs something to live and doesn ´t realize it

How it starts?
It is caused by replacing something for person for example: when you overeat- you remove sadness and loneliness

Direcly addiction brings escape
For example with alcohol. When someone gets drunk it is because they want to feel better and don ´t want to think about their problems. So they get drunk more often and end up drunk everyday and that is how addiction starts

Why si this problem?
When you are drugadidict you prefere drugs over everything and everyone. Your behavior and values or priority changes —> You lose selfcontrol and then family issues , work problems begin. Because of your addiction you may med up houmless, without family or evendead.

Types of addiction?
Drug addiction, activity addiction, dependence on the person, addicted on modern technologies - gambling

Solition:
You can win over addiction on rehab or domě kind of freatment or therapy, but its very hard. Once you start being addicted its very difficult to stop and not return to it.

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- Exploitation (zneužívání) of children through any form of work
- Mentally and physically harmful + interferes (narušovat) with attending school
- The causes: economical -> families need help (mostly on their fields in developing countries) (developing countries = rozvojové země)
cultural -> follow their parents‘ footsteps (= to learn and practise)
girls ale less valuable than boys (girls provide domestic service)
- The consequences: kids are not able to get proper education -> illiteracy (negramotnost) -> cannot find a profitable (výdělečný) job
- Numbers and facts: nearly 152M child labourers in 2018 (worldwide)
15M children in India need to work to pay off their parent’s debts
Agriculture (zemědělství) deploys (nasazuje) 70% of the world’s child labour

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IMIGRATION
= it is pernament change of residence of person or groups
• Reason: war, political situation, poverty, environmental disasters, religious freedom,
economic reason, new settlement areas, enslavement (zotročení)
• 216 million people live away from their place of birth (3% of populatio)
• Push factors: wars, poverty,disasters
• Pull factors: politice freedom, economic reasons
• The main migration routes: -> to: USA, Russia, Germany, Canada, UK, ...
-> from: Mexico, India, Russia, China, Ukraine -> to Germany, Denmark from Turkey
-> to France, Portugal, Spain from their colonies, within EU countries
• Types of migration: - asylum seekers ( death penalty) - labour migration
- illegal
• Main fears connected with migration: - very expensive
- lost of national identity
- a burden on a wealfare system
• What do the government do to restrict the migration: - control of refugee routes
- restrictions
- fortifying the borders
• Some positives of migration: - economic development of the country
- stabilise the retirement system - cultural diversity

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The severe problem of Illiteracy
What is illiteracy?
Illiteracy is the inability to read or write. A 2014 report by UNESCO found that approximately 780 million adults can’t read nor write, that is about 1 in 10 people, with more than half of that figure comprised by women. Literacy was always something that society strived towards, but the modern focus on technology being more important than manual labor has left few options to those who were never able to learn how to read or write. First of all we have to understand that not all illiteracy is the same. We can divide illiteracy into two groups: Illiteracy and Functional Illiteracy. With Functional illiteracy being the dominant one.
Illiteracy and Functional Illiteracy – what is the difference?
Illiterate person is someone who never learned how to read or write, and has no knowledge of neither of these subjects, whereas a Functional Illiterate person is someone who has basic knowledge of reading and writing. They are read or write, but to a very limited extent, the reason for that being their lack of vocabulary and very little understanding of sentence structure. The problém of Illiteracy affects all nations, rich or poor, but 3 of the most illiterate countries are Niger, Guinea and South Sudan. With Niger only having a 15% literacy rate
Causes and consequences of Illiteracy
Illiteracy is often linked with poverty, this suggests that some of the causes could be inadequate provision of schools, inadequate number of properly trained teachers and the economic situation of families that make education for their children a low priority. Other causes are disabilities that are not diagnosed and treated, huge numbers of children who are orphans and street children, who never get the chance to go to school at all. The effects of illiteracy are following: Illiterate people being trapped in a vicious cycle of poverty with limited opportunities for employment, Increase in drug and

alcohol abuse, decrease in rate of techonological adavancement, high unemployment, and increased poverty percentage.
An example of an “Illiterate“ country
I would like to set Pakistan as an example. Today, Pakistan is faced with many problems. The nation is on a verge of nervous breakdown. One of the problems they are facing is illiteracy. This is caused by poverty and economic downturn , as well as ongoing war. If the government does not invest it’s time and resources into improving the educational system, the literacy rate will only continue falling drastically. A few ways to help this problem are : Improving the quality of employed teachers, improving the school environment, providing children with better books.

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FAMINE
- drought, flooding, extreme cold, typhoons, insect infestations (zamoření), or
plant disease, combined with government decisions on how to respond to the disaster, can result
Europe and other developed parts - mostly eliminated famine
Most common in African countries.
In 2011, widespread famine began in the African nation of Somalia. More than 250,000 people
died as a result.
In 2017, the United Nations officially declared a famine in parts of South Sudan, where a civil war
had begun in 2013.
HOW TO PREVENT FAMINES?
A major way to prevent famine is by supporting
relief efforts* (or humanitarian aid
= humanitární pomoc). In addition, many groups support the funding of programs to help local
communities survive times of drought and other causes of food scarcity (nedostatek, omezené
množství).
humanitarian
* Humanitarian aid is material and logistic assistance to people who need help

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Introduction
Gambling is basically betting money or other valuables on event with uncertain outcome. This uncertainty of whether you come out as winner (essentially getting stuff for free, whilst keeping the thing you bet) or lose everything, is the very reason why it has been part of the human culture since forever.
Modern Gambling
At present there are money ways a person can indulge themselves in gambling (dopřát si gembleníčka). Obviously, there are still the casinos, nonetheless it is the internet, which is taking over gambling, providing you with options to bet on whole host of events, namely sport matches and gaming. Moreover, if they somehow access their parents credit card and with the anonymity of the internet, even children can now finally enjoy the thrill of betting money by purchasing CS: GO cases. (How great)
The problem with gambling
For the aforementioned (již zmíněné) reasons it is highly addictive. Consequently, it is easy to fall into this vicious cycle of betting – losing – winning (often way less that what you gave in total) and betting it again.
The most common vices that go hand in hand with gambling include personality changes, Substance abuse, Pathological lying and begging for money, depression, and suicide.
Solution?
There are no definite solutions, however certain law amendments (dodatky) can limit the prevalence of legal gambling, thereby making it harder for children to access such sites.
As for people addicted, help from an expert (such as psychologist or perhaps even financial advisor) may be a necessity to break this bad habit.

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SMOKING
• definition: the act of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning plant material - marijuana, hashish and tobacco (form of cigarette, cigar or pipe)
• danger/health consequences
o nicotine = an alkaloid that is addictive and can have both stimulating and
tranquilizing psychoactive effects (uklidňující psychoaktivní účinky) o tobacco = toxic effects in users' body
One of the biggest problems with smoking is that the more you smoke, the more your body will develop tolerance to these substances and will demand more and more from you. (=physical dependence)
o first-time users experience dizziness, vomiting, nausea (nevolnost) etc.
o addiction–abruptabstinence(náhláabstinence)fromsmokingwilltrigger withdrawal symptoms (abstinenční příznaky) - depression, anxiety, difficulty sleeping, persistent cravings (přetrvávající chutě) and rage/irritation
o cancer
o lung disease
o hearth disease
o women – miscarriage/infertility o diabetes
• frequency (četnost) - 20% = one-in-five adults
• What country has the most smokers? China.
• Countries in which is smoking illegal – Bhutan, Colombia, Uruguay, Malaysia, Costa Rica

• Countries in which is smoking in public illegal - Ireland, Greece, Bulgaria, Malta, Spain and Hungary

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Alcohol is one of the most widely used psychoactive substances in the world and has been a part of different cultures for 100s of years. It is an active ingredient in drinks such as beer, wine and distilled spirit. Among other effects, alcohol produces happiness and euphoria, decreased anxiety, increased sociability, sedation, generalized depression of the central nervous system. Alcohol is commonly consumed as a recreational substance, especially while socializing, due to its psychoactive effects.
But alcohol has a variety of short-term and long-term adverse effects. First, let's look at some harmful effects on society.
Automobile accidents (alcohol is involved in 30 % of all traffic fatalities)
Sexual assault (alcohol is often used to facilitate sexual assault or rape, over 50 % of reported rapes involve alcohol. It is the most commonly used date rape drug.)
Violent crime Over 40% of all assaults and 40 to 50% of all murders involve alcohol. More than 43% of violent encounters with police involve alcohol. Alcohol is implicated in more than two-thirds of cases of intimate partner violence.
Health consequences (Alcohol use disorder is a major problem and many health problems, as well as death, can result from excessive alcohol use)
Adverse effects
Short term effects:
Central nervous system impairment (memory loss, motor and sensory impairment) Gastrointestinal effects (nausea and vomiting)
Allergic-like reactions (runny nose, bronchoconstriction in patients with a history of asthma, skin eruptions)
Long term effects: Brain damage Liver damage Birth defects Cancer
Addiction Overdose

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Smoking
- bad habits
- cigarette contains so many toxic substance like carbon monoxide and also contains nicotine which is very
addictive substance, nicotine satisfy your body but only for short time and then smokers need their cigarette again
- smoking causes cancer
- people are smoking because of stress, depression, problems in work, school, with family or only from bad habits
- nowadays is popular smoking hookah or electronics cigarette

Alcohol
- changes behaviour, person lose inhibition, talk more freely
- alcohol escape from reality
- people often solve their problems by alcohol
- is depressant
- some people are free and happy after drinking but most of people are aggressive and depressed
- alcohol destroyed our livers and brain cells (mozkové buňky)
- after drinking alcohol people have headache and hangover

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- it is an economic danger for every country
- in our country, a lot of people are unemployed  (it is between 2 and 20% - it depends in which region:
the most affected regions are in the north of Bohemia and Moravia with the heavy industry)
- another reason for unemployment is hundreds of companies that go bankrupt
- school-leavers cannot often find a job and have to be on the dole
- so many unemployed people is in country with poverty or in country suffered from environmental disease

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-       Discrimination against other people because they are of a different race or ethnicity

-       Racism takes many forms and can happen in many places

You can hear it when people:

-       make inappropriate “jokes” or negative comments about a particular ethnic group

-       call other racist names or verbally abuse them

You can see it when people:

-       make offensive comments online about particular ethnic group

-       make racist graffiti

-       are excluded from groups because they are “different”

-       are physically abused because of their race

Invisible racism:

-       it is less obvious

-       Examples:

·      An employer might look through a list of job applicants and decide not to interview people based on their race or surname.

·      Security guard are following someone who is a different race at supermarket, because they assume he is going to steal something.

Systematic racism

-       Groups and organisations have rules that might seems to be fair, but they can actually make thighs hard for people from particular ethnic groups.

-       Examples:

·      A bank might ask to fill out a lot of forms in English before you can open an account, but that makes it difficult for people whose first language was not English.

·      Employer has a policy (= zásada) of not hiring people who have been educated at an overseas school or university.

Murder of George Floyd

-       25th May, 2020; Minneapolis

-       Floyd has been arrested on SUSPICION of using a counterfeit (= padělanou) $20 bill. à Derek Chauvin was kneeling on his neck for 9+ minutes even though George was begging him to get off of him, because he couldn’t breathe, while being handcuffed and laying face-down on the ground à ambulance arrived and he died at Medical Centre in emergency room

-       Derek Chauvin was sent to jail for 22, 5 years

Black Lives Matter

-       Social movement that began in 2013

-       Supporting black people

-       Returned during the global George Floyd protest in 2020 – 26 million people participated in 2020 protest in the USA à largest movement in the country’s history

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- worldwide problem
- people which live in poverty sometimes commit a crimes to get money
- poor people don´t have enough food for their families – starvation
- country in poverty don´t have good health care system -> so many diseases
- country don´t have good school educational system (sometimes they don’t have school) and children must work
- Africa -  Nigeria , Central American country - Guatemala, Asia - Nepal