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Physiological Impact:

Impact on Synapse;
Acetylcholine is the dominant neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. Acetylcholine in the brain alters neuronal excitability, influences synaptic transmission, induces synaptic plasticity, and coordinates the firing of groups of neurons.

Impact on Neuron Activity
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction—in other words, it is the chemical that motor neurons of the nervous system release in order to activate muscles.

Impact on Neural Impulses
Acetylcholine is a small molecule that acts as a chemical messenger to propagate nerve impulses across the neuromuscular junction between a nerve and a muscle. When the nerve impulse from a motor neuron arrives at the tip of its axon, acetylcholine molecules stored there in vesicles are released into the synaptic gap.

Behaviors Correlated with it
Acetylcholine plays an important role in cognitive function

- Working memory
- Attention
- Episodic memory
-Spatial memory function
-Motivation
-Arousal
-Attention
-Learning

And is also involved in promoting REM sleep

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Dopamine has the chemical compound of C8H11NO2 and has the chemical structure shown above. 

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1. What bodily (physiological) impact does it have (at the synapse, on neuron activity, the neural impulse, etc)

Important role in the transmission of nerves impulses at synapse and neuromuscular junctions

Breaks down ACh, which allows chemically gated ion channels to close

Contracts smooth muscles dilate blood vessels, increase bodily secretions, and slow heart rate.

1. What behaviors is it correlated with?

A response or block response thus can have excitatory/inhibitory effects

Drugs that affect cholinergic systems can have very dangerous effects ranging from paralysis to convulsions

What would happen if we had no  Acetylcholine?

Muscles can’t contract: weakness in the arms, legs, hands, fingers, or neck

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What bodily (physiological) impact does it have (at the synapse, on neuron activity, the neural impulse, etc)

The release of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, or serotonin receptors, in the synaptic cleft, where it has a receptor-dependent effect, can cause adrenergic-like responses (e.g. increased heart, respiratory rates, etc.)

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What behaviours is it correlated with?

Happiness

Anxiety

Nausea

Digestion

Sleep

Blood clotting

Bone density

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What bodily (physiological) impact does Acetylcholine have?

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What bodily (physiological) impact does Acetylcholine have?

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ACh is the neurotransmitter in the preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.

sympathetic preganglionic releases ACh

ACh serves as the neurotransmitter at all the parasympathetic innervated organs

contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rate.

The neurotransmitter at the sweat glands, and at the piloerector muscle of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system

When a nerve impulse arrives at the nerve ending, acetylcholine stored in vesicles, is released, and binds to a postsynaptic receptor, causing depolarization.

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What bodily (physiological) impact What bodily impact does it have (at the synapse, on neuron activity, the neural impulse, etc)   

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What bodily (physiological) impact What bodily impact does it have (at the synapse, on neuron activity, the neural impulse, etc)   

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- Dopamine is related to expecting a reward; it is known as the “feel-good” neurotransmitter that gives you satisfaction.  - Dopamine gives your brain the ability to communicate and regulate movement, it acts as a chemical messenger between neurons.
- Dopamine also functions as a neurotransmitter that slows down the transmission of nerve impulses
- In the central nervous system the dopamine binds to membrane receptors and it important for the purpose of learning, working memory, emotion, and cognition

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plays a role in motivation, arousal, regulation of attention, learning, and memory, and is also involved in promoting REM sleep.

Feelings: Calmness/willingness.

increases in ACh signaling can lead to symptoms related to anxiety and depression

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Dopamine plays an important role in reward and movement regulation. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is produced in 3 different parts of the brain, one of which is the hypothalamus. It enables neurons in your brain to communicate and control movement. The most affected area of the brain is the insular cortex as it is critical for many cognitive functions related to perception of the body's internal states. This includes both physical and emotional states.  As dopamine signals reach neurons, it attaches to the neuron's receptors which delivers its chemical messages by causing changes in the receiving nerve cell. When inhibited by drugs such as cocaine, these drugs occupy the transporter rendering dopamine unable to re-enter the neuron. It then builds up in the synapse which leads to a much greater dopamine impact when it is received by the neuron. If you drank dopamine, you would experience severe side effects such as ectopic heartbeats, tachycardia, angina, palpitation, vasoconstriction, hypotension, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, and headache.  Having too little dopamine can lead to depression, schizophrenia and psychosis. However, having increased levels of dopamine can  directly inhibit the production and release of melatonin which prepares the body for sleep.

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Dopamine levels may affect our:
- Mood regulation
- Sleep patterns
- The ability to remember certain things such as memories
- Satisfaction levels
- Our levels of focus

Dopamine signals a rewarding behavior, for example if you eat something you like a lot, dopamine is released which gives you the “feel good” sensation.

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What bodily (physiological) impact does it have (at the synapse, on neuron activity, the neural impulse, etc)

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What bodily (physiological) impact does it have (at the synapse, on neuron activity, the neural impulse, etc)

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Impact on the Synapse:
• At the synapse, serotonin molecules bind to receptors proteins which causes a change in the electrical state of the cell. This change in electrical state can either excite the cell, passing along the message, or inhibit it.
Impact on Neuron activity:

Modulating the activity of different neuronal types

Relays signals between nerve cells and regulates their intensity

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Dopamine plays a vital role in reward and movement regulation in the brain. In the reward pathway, the production of dopamine takes place in nerve cell bodies. From there, it is released into the nucleus accumbems and prefrontal cortex. In the synapse, dopamine binds to either pre or post synaptic dopamine receptors, or both. This bond generates an electric potential in the presynaptic cell. In the postsynaptic dopamine receptors, the signal is propagated to the postsynaptic neuron, and in the presynaptic dopamine receptors, the signal can either excite the presynaptic cell or inhibit it.

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What bodily (physiological) impact does it have at the synapse, on neuron activity, the neural impulse, etc?

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What bodily (physiological) impact does it have at the synapse, on neuron activity, the neural impulse, etc?

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Produced in the dopaminergic neurons in the

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain

Substantia nigra pars compacta

Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

Actions occur via dopamine receptors, D1-5

A dopamine signal approaches a nearby neuron → attaches to that neuron’s receptor → the dopamine attaches to the dopamine receptor → delivers its chemical message by causing changes in the receiving nerve cell

Enable neurons in the brain to communicate and control movement

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Pleasure reward seeking behavior, Addiction, Movement, memory, attention, sleep, mood, learning, motivation, etc.

Pleasure reward seeking behavior: dopamine mediates pleasure in the brain and is released during pleasurable situations and stimulates one to seek out the pleasurable activity(food, sex, drugs of abuse)

Too much or too little dopamine in different parts of the brain may be correlated to mental health disorders and challenges. For example: Schizophrenia, ADHD, Drug addiction

Drug Addiction: Cocaine and amphetamines inhibit the reuptake of dopamine

Cocaine: a dopamine transporter blocker, increases the presence of dopamine

Amphetamine: increases the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic gap (enter the presynaptic neuron via its dopamine transporters then force dopamine molecules out of their storage vesicles)

Levels of dopamine in the Prefrontal Cortex help in improved working memory

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Low levels of the chemical have been associated with depression

Increase serotonin levels have been associated with decrease arousal

Serotonin is the chemical that helps with sleeping, eating, digesting, heal wounds, stimulate nausea, maintain bone health and blood clotting

Scientists believe that serotonin plays a role in mood, happiness and regulation of anxiety

Play a role in attention, perception, reward, anger, aggression, memory and motor skills

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1. What bodily (physiological) impact does it have (at the synapse, on neuron activity, the neural impulse, etc)

In the nervous system, serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of behavior, mood, and memory. It is a factor of your behavioral response to environmental stimuli.  Elsewhere in the body, serotonin also helps with sleep and bone health.

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A neurotransmitter that causes you to feel pleasure, motivation, and satisfaction

People with low dopamine levels may be linked to impairments such as addiction(substance abuse), depression, and mental health disorders.

Dopamine is heavily involved in the motor system, so when the brain fails to produce enough dopamine, it results in Parkinson’s disease. ADHD may be due to a shortage in dopamine, and schizophrenia may be caused by too high levels of dopamine.

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What bodily (physiological) impact does it have (at the synapse, on neuron activity, the neural impulse, etc)

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What bodily (physiological) impact does it have (at the synapse, on neuron activity, the neural impulse, etc)

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When Serotonin is released into the synaptic cleft, the longer the serotonin remains in the synaptic cleft, the greater effect it has on the serotonin-responding neuron.

Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors. But it is  important that serotonin be removed from the synapse after interacting with either the pre / post synaptic receptors.

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2. and…what behaviors is it correlated with?

Decrease in level of serotonin generated by enzyme monoaminoxidase A is associated with violent behavior and anti-social behavior.

Low serotonin is correlated with impulsive aggression.

Defect in the serotonin receptor 5-HT 1A is known to lead to increased anxiety.

Serotonin has been consistently linked to mood disorders such as depression and bipolar

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serotonin is released into the synapse, reversibly binding to the postsynaptic receptor to induce a nerve impulse on the postsynaptic neuron. High levels of serotonin are correlated with harm-avoiding behaviors. Conversely, low levels of serotonin are linked with depressive behaviors, as well as anxiety. (serotonergic abnormalities). Too much serotonin can cause symptoms that can range from mild (shivering and diarrhea) to severe (muscle rigidity, fever and seizures). Generally, serotonin is a mood regulator.

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Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and sends signals among the nerve cells. The main function of serotonin is to regulate the digestive process, breathing, and blood flow; thus, it is usually found in the digestive system and the central nervous system. Serotonin is also associated with mood and regulates anxiety, happiness, and heals wounds. The low level of this serotonin leads to depression.

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Serotonin is associated with behavior such as grooming, cooperation and also there is a correlation between serotonin and sensitiveness. When serotonin is lower than the average, people are more likely to be aggressive and not keen on social factors, which may lead to social isolation.

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What behaviors is serotonin correlated with?

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What behaviors is serotonin correlated with?

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Mood, sleep, digestion, memory