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Caffeine is referred to as a competitive antagonist of adenosine when binding to the adenosine receptor, as they have very similar chemical structure to one another. Due to this caffeine has the ability to bind to adenosine receptors, and block the function of adenosine, within the central and peripheral nervous system(Harland, B.F. (2000)).

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Caffeine is referred to as a competitive antagonist of adenosine when binding to the adenosine receptor, as they have very similar chemical structure to one another. Due to this caffeine has the ability to bind to adenosine receptors, and block the function of adenosine, within the central and peripheral nervous system(Harland, B.F. (2000)).

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Caffeine is a competitive antagonist to adenosine as it has similar structures to the neurotransmitters and it mimics its abilities to bind to its complimentary receptors (Harland, (2000)).​

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The biological effect of caffeine on the body involves both the dose-related attachment and an obstruction of adenosine receptors. There are many similarities between caffeine and adenosine in their chemical structures. Thus, caffeine can be classified as a competitive antagonist of adenosine located at plasma membranes on the outer walls of a cell. Such receptors can be found within the peripheral and central nervous systems of the body.

-Harland, B.F. (2000) ​

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Caffeine’s Mechanism of Action works by a dose-related attachment to block adenosine receptors. Caffeine and Adenosine have similar chemical structures as Caffeine is a competitive antagonist of Adenosine receptors, located on the cell membranes on the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems (Harland., 2000)

​Reference

[1]. Harland, B.F. (2000) Caffeine and Nutrition. Nutrition, 16: 522-526.​

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Caffeine is structurally similar to adenosine and acts on the attachment and blocking of adenosine receptors at certain doses. Thus, caffeine competes with adenosine, and adenosine receptors are located around the central and nervous system membranes (Harland, 2000).

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The caffeine affects the adenosine receptors by attaching and blocking them, as they both have similar chemical structures. Due to their similar structures, the caffeine is called a competitive antagonist of the adenosine as it replaces it within the cell membranes in the central and peripheral nervous system in the body.

Harland, B.F. (2000) Caffeine and Nutrition. Nutrition, 16: 522-526.​

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Caffeine’s mechanism of action is a dose-related attachment which blocks adenosine receptors on cell membranes in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.  Chemically structured differently, caffeine and adenosine are hence seen as rival competitors at cell receptors. (Harland , 2000)

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Caffeine and adenosine have very similar chemical structures which causes problems at their respective receptors, via blockage, located on cell membranes in the nervous system. 

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Caffeine and adenosine have very similar chemical structures which causes problems at their respective receptors, via blockage, located on cell membranes in the nervous system. 

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Harland, B.F. (2000) Caffeine and Nutrition. Nutrition, 16: 522-526.​

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The caffeine can attach and block adenosine receptors which present in the plasma membrane of both the central and the peripheral nervous system.  Since it has a similar chemical structure with adenosine, caffeine can be regarded as a competitive antagonist of adenosine.

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activity 2

Is weight more strongly correlated with wrist size or waist size? •

H:The weight is more correlated with waist size compared to wrist size.

Q:We can not depend on images.  We need scientific evidence to prove that waist size is more correlated to weight than wrist size.

Is protein intake and carbohydrate intake correlated the same way for women and men?

H: Protein and carbohydrate intake affect differently on adult men and women.

Q: How do men and women correlate differently to protein and carbohydrate intakes? e.g(they have different metabolism rate)

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Caffeine's chemical structural similarity to adenosine allows for it to act as a competitive antagonist to adenosine. Caffeine attaches and blocks adenosine receptors, which are located in both the central and peripheral nervous system on the cell membrane.(Haland 2000)

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Caffeine's chemical structural similarity to adenosine allows for it to act as a competitive antagonist to adenosine. Caffeine attaches and blocks adenosine receptors, which are located in both the central and peripheral nervous system on the cell membrane.(Haland 2000)

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Wrist circumference and waist circumference increase, as the deposition of adipose tissue increases. These measures can be an indicator of the risk of an individual getting metabolic diseases(Allen, 1997).

The measurement of wrist circumference can be measured to greater accuracy, in comparison to the circumference of the waist. Due to this it can be hypothesised that a stronger correlation for individuals weight, is the circumference of the wrist.

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The increase of adipose tissues can affect these circumferences and can be used as an indicator for metabolic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease (Allen,1997). Using the waist circumference is inaccurate as it changes based on posture and the individual, therefore, the wrist measurement is used as it has less variables that affect the prediction. Ultimately, it is predicted that the correlation between a person’s wrist and their weight is stronger than comparing the correlation between the person’s waist circumference and their weight.

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Wrist and waist circumference (cm) is the circular distance around the wrist and waist (Smith, 2001). The greater the adipose tissue, the greater the circumference allowing us to predict an individual's risk for metabolic diseases(Allen, 1997). It is more difficult to measure waist circumference due to posture and muscle contraction whereas both factors do not affect wrist circumference. Hence, weight has a greater effect on waist circumference rather than wrist circumference.

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A wrist circumference is the distance around the outside of their wrist, and a waist circumference is the distance around their abdomen at the navel (in centimeters) (Smith, 2001). Both this circumference increase as the adipose tissue increases. These measures are predictors of whether weight affects health (Allen, 1997). Waist circumference is more challenging to measure as it's influenced by posture, whereas a measurement of wrist circumference is more accurate. It is hypothesized that wrist circumference is more strongly correlated to weight than waist circumference.

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An individual’s weight can be calculated by measuring their wrist or waist circumference which is affected by adipose tissue in direct proportion, in order to predict the risk for metabolic disease. (Allen, 1997)  However, we hypothesize that an individual’s weight has a stronger correlation to their wrist circumference than to their waist circumference, as it’s more accurate to measure wrist circumference depending on the person’s posture or muscle state.

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Both wrist circumference and waist circumference are excellent methods to predict whether a patient has potentially dangerous metabolic problems, for instance, heart disease and diabetes, because the measures of both of them are affected by the accumulation of adipose tissue (Allen, 1997). However, to compare with the wrist circumference, the posture and the state of a person can more affect the measurement of his waist circumference. This is because there is a limited changing space of posture or muscle contraction when measuring the wrist. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that there is a stronger relationship between a person's weight and his wrist circumference than that of his waist circumference.

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An individual’s wrist circumference is the length around the wrist of the hand, while an individual’s waist circumference is the length around their abdomen, about where the navel is located (Smith, 2001). The lengths are expressed in centimeters

These variables could be affected by amount of adipose tissue deposited, in which their circumference would increase with more adipose tissue, and this is a good predictor if a patient’s weight is a risk that contributes to metabolic diseases (Allen, 1997)

Unlike wrist circumference, waist circumference can be more difficult to measure accurately because of the patient’s posture.

We can hypothesize from the previous points that an individual's wrist circumference has a stronger correlation to their weight compared to an individual's waist circumference.

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"Wrist circumference is the distance outside of the wrist at the base of the hand and waist circumference distance measures around the abdomen between the bottom of the ribcage and the top of the pelvis (Smith, 2001). Wrist and waist circumferences increase with more adipose tissue. These are a better predictor of whether a patient’s weight is at potential risk for diseases such as diabetes and heart disease (Allen, 1997). However, waist circumference is a more challenging dimension to measure, since posture and whether an individual is in a relaxed state or not can affect the measurement. By contrast, the measurement of wrist circumference might be more accurate, being not affected as much by posture or muscle contraction. Hence, hypothetically, the correlation between an individual’s wrist circumference and weight would be stronger than that of their weight with their waist ”

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The deposition of higher amounts of adipose tissue increases the circumferences of waist and wrist measurements. However, waist circumference is more difficult to measure as the posture on the other hand the wrist measurement is not affected much by posture or muscle contraction as to the measurement for waist circumference . From this, it can be hypothesised that an individuals weight is more strongly correlated to their wrist circumference than waist circumference.

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The deposition of higher amounts of adipose tissue increases the circumferences of waist and wrist measurements. However, waist circumference is more difficult to measure as the posture on the other hand the wrist measurement is not affected much by posture or muscle contraction as to the measurement for waist circumference . From this, it can be hypothesised that an individuals weight is more strongly correlated to their wrist circumference than waist circumference.