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covers all transport activities that go over land, i.e. all modes but air and maritime transport.

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The railroad is basically a long hauler and slow mover of raw material,low value manufactured product,prefer to move shipment size of at least a full carloads over distances.

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Offer special services to the shipper such as movement of bulk commodities, guarantee arrival time, various stop off which permit partial loading and unloading between origin and destination points, pickup and delivery and diversion and re- consignment, which allows circuitous routing and changes in the final destination of a shipment while end route.

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- High construction and maintenance costs.
- Shipping costs decrease with distance and load.
- Trans-shipments and train assembly increase costs.
- Rail operating costs: labor (up to 60%), locomotives (16%) and wagons, fuel, maintenance and equipment (24%)

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-Limited locations, but better than for water.
-Better delivery reliability/speed than water.
-Expensive for carrying goods and passengers over short distances.
-Service according to fixed time schedule and is not flexible for loading or unloading of goods at any place.

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-Highly cost effective for bulky items
-Most effective when linked into multimodal system.
-Convenient mode of transport for travelling long distances.
-Operation is less affected by adverse weathers conditions like rain, floods, fog, etc.