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Maggie's developed fire logos - blue (greek) & red (english) Fire Aid 1st + Fire Forewarnings 2nd + Fire Aid 3rd

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Maggie's developed fire logos - blue (greek) & red (english) Fire Aid 1st + Fire Forewarnings 2nd + Fire Aid 3rd

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Filled fire won't read properly so outlines will be kept like this

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Maggie - Fire Forewarnings (Προειδοποιήσεις πυρκαγιάς)
Nik - Fire Aid (Πυροσβεστική βοήθεια)
Nik - Fire Relief (Ανακούφιση πυρκαγιάς)

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Campaign Proposal (Draft 2 - More condensed but needs revising)

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Campaign Proposal (Draft 2 - More condensed but needs revising)

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-we heard a lot about the wildfires in California and Australia - why not the Greek ones?

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Greece: After fires, experts sound alarm over grim climate future

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Dire forecasts of lower rainfall, higher temperatures and more frequent droughts mean Greece faces peril ahead.

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Rescue.org Greek wildfires + stranded refugees

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Rescue.org Greek wildfires + stranded refugees

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View this post on Instagram

A post shared by International Rescue Committee (@rescueorg)

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Greek Wildfires + Destroyed Villages + Suffering refugees

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Greek Wildfires + Destroyed Villages + Suffering refugees

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Pages 129 - 137 (Greek typography analysis) by Gerry Leonidas

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Pages 129 - 137 (Greek typography analysis) by Gerry Leonidas

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Bi-Scriptual – Typography and Graphic Design with Multiple Script Systems. By Timm Hartmann, Sascha Thoma and Ben Wittner (editors).

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Fires burnt up the trees and vegetation that would usually use the rain water in autumn/winter so now there's due to be mass flooding just as the residents are attempting to recover from the tragedy of the fires

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ATHENS -- With nearly half of Greece's second-largest island of Evia devastated by wildfires this summer in a record heat wave, teams of workers are still clearing debris with residents worrying the left over erosion won't stop flooding.

In a feature, the Reuters news agency reported on the scramble to prepare and set up wooden flood barriers on the island, about 62 miles northeast of Athens, which took a big hit to tourism a year after COVID-19 lockdowns shut it down.

With autumn rains looming, villagers and others are trying to prepare defenses to deal with the flood threat, worsened by the loss of absorbing greenery and soil vegetation that was scorched to ashes.

The worry is that heavy or even moderate rains, without the backstop of vegetation, will flow toward coastal villages trying to recoup from the summer's damage and flood them.

"This is dangerous. If rains start now and go on for 15 or 20 days then all the rivers will overflow," worker Giorgos Diakomopoulos told Reuters as he took a break from helping out the effort.

Some 300,000 acres of forest and bushland were burnt in different parts of Greece this past summer, amid the country's worst heatwave in 30 years, the report noted, adding that more than a third, 115,106 acres, was on nothern Evia,

citing data from Beyond, a research centre of the National Observatory of Athens

In the coastal village of Limni, where much of its population of 1,500 had to evacuate at night by boat with the backdrop of blazes chewing trees and flames licking the sky, the attention has turned to the threat of rain, if it comes.

"We have to make it in time for the winter. We did not have to mourn any victims during the wildfires, and it is very important that we don't have that problem with the floods," said Mayor George Tsapourniotis.

While the smell of soot and ash lingers two months after the fires, and there is the eerie reminder of what happened with burned down forests, there are also signs of nature recovering, and green shoots showing.

But those who lost businesses such as beekeeping, logging and tapping trees

for resign now have to think about floods as they try to resurrect their livelihoods, as the pandemic lingers.

Evia had an annual output of 6,000 ton of resin, a crystallized sap extracted from the trunk of pine trees and used to make durable casting and flooring. This was about 85 percent of the country's total output, said the report.

With most of the pine trees gutted by the fires, a year's crop and a large part of the country's production has now gone.

"If we take into account cottage industries, a factory and all the other sectors destroyed by the fire, there are no jobs left in northern Evia anymore," said Vangelis Georgatzis, who heads the island's resin collectors union.

Yiannis Georgiou, a 40-year-old resin collector, has lost all his crop. "I 've been really thinking of leaving. What can I do?"

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greek island evia braces for flood fears

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Burned by Wildfires, Greek Island Evia Braces for Flood Fears

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ATHENS -- With nearly half of Greece's second-largest island of Evia devastated by wildfires this summer in a record heat wave, teams of workers are still clearing debris with residents worrying the left over erosion won't stop flooding - The National Herald

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Fanned by unpredictable winds, the worst blazes are around the north of Athens. A 38-year-old volunteer firefighter was killed by a falling electricity pole in a suburb of the city.

The other victim was the president of the Athens Chamber of Commerce, Konstantinos Michalos. He was found unconscious in a factory close to where a fire was raging.

A further 20 people have been injured.

The fires are expected to continue to burn and spread on Saturday, despite a drop in temperatures to around 35C (95F) from above 40C earlier this week.

Thousands of people were earlier ordered to leave their homes outside Athens as the blaze tore through houses, cars and businesses.

Fires have also been raging on the nearby island of Evia, and areas close to ancient Olympia, the birthplace of the Olympic Games.

Government minister Nikos Hardalias said firefighters were facing extremely dangerous conditions.

"Wildfires of unprecedented intensity and spread, all our forces are fighting the battle day and night to save lives, together with volunteers," he said.

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Greece wildfires spread, causing mass evacuations

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Thousands of people are evacuated north of the capital, Athens, as fires continue to rage.

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Nearly two weeks of fires had stabilised or receded in other parts of Greece, the ones on rugged and forested Evia were the most worrying and created apocalyptic scenes. (Photo: ANGELOS TZORTZINIS / AFP)

A series of major wildfires have erupted across more than ten countries in the last week, destroying homes and leaving at least 65 people dead.

Record summer temperatures spelt disaster for the likes of Turkey, Greece and Algeria, sounding the alarm for strong and decisive action to the tackle the climate emergency.

The sky burned red as 2000 residents from the Greek island of Evia were evacuated via ferry on Tuesday night, relocating to the mainland as firefighters battle to save their homes in 47C heat.

The apocalyptic scenes were described as "code red" for humanity by UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres, with a landmark report from the IGO this week warning targets to limit global warming to 1.5C within in 20 years are set to be missed.

As the countries rally to save their homes, wildlife, and each other, here's some suggestions of where to donate.

Climate emergency relief funds

International organisations are joining forces to help victims of the climate emergency.

The Climate Emergency Fund, which is helping mobilise society to bring more awareness to the world's most pressing environmental issues.

The Center for Disaster Philanthropy has a Global Recovery Fund that provides an opportunity for donors to meet the ongoing and ever-expanding challenges presented by global crises.

Greece

Hellenic Red Cross: The Greek arm of the Red Cross is providing financial support and food for those affected by the fires. It is taking donations via bank transfer, and asking any payments to be marked with the word "Pyrkagies". The details of how to donate can be found here.

AnimaWild: The Hellenic NGO fights for the protection and welfare of wildlife based in Athens, and has rescued 50 animals displaced by the blaze in the capital. The bank details to donate can be found on its website, which is translatable by Google from Greek.

Forest Fire Protection Volunteers for Attica: The voluntary fire service has helped but out more than 215 forest fires to date, and its 4000-strong force are working in the mountains of Greece to quell the blaze. They are taking donations here.

Turkey

The Turkish Philanthropy Fund: The 2021 Wildfire Relief fund will provide food, water, and shelter to people and animals in need following a fortnight of forest fires. You can donate here.

The World Wide Fund for Nature or WWF: The emergency fund will be used to stop the remaining which will be used to stop the remaining two fires out of 253 experienced by Turkey in recent weeks. Funds will also care for injured wildlife, and develop adequate rescue and rehabilitation centres. You can donate here.

Algeria

Algeria's international fundraising to help victims in the city of Tizi Ouzou is through crowdfunders created through payment client Paypal. A fund to assist wildfire victims, where the record blazes have killed 65 people to date, can be found here.

One crowdfunder is supplying oxygen to both victims of the wildfires and Covid-19. The country is buckling under the fourth wave of the virus, with supplies running low to treat patients. You can donate here.

Italy

The Independent reported Italian environmentalist association Legambiente has launched a new campaign called Save The Queen. The funds raised will support beekeepers who lost their bees in the Sardinia fires by providing hives and swarms of bees. You can donate here.

Spain

The Spanish Red Cross - Cruz Roja Española - has said Spain is on high alert after 160 residents from the Valencia region were evacuated from their homes on Saturday.

Temperatures in the Iberian peninsula are expected to reach at least 40C in the coming days. The Spanish arm of the Red Cross is collecting donations here.

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Where to donate and how to help Greece wildfire victims in Turkey, Algeria, Italy and Spain

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A series of major wildfires have erupted across more than ten countries in the last week, destroying homes and leaving at least 65 people dead. Record summer temperatures spelt disaster for the likes of Turkey, Greece and Algeria, sounding the alarm for strong and decisive action to the tackle the climate emergency.

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This Page is [ARCHIVED CONTENT] and shows what the site page https://ukcop26.org/ looked like on 1 Apr 2023 at 05:49:04

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white - what we've been doing
red - action already being taken
blue - stories relating directly to how people have been affected
green - statistics on environmental changes

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Rescue.org website - action against world struggles

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Rescue.org website - action against world struggles

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People living in conflict areas like Gaza are struggling to access critical supplies like food, water and healthcare. Help us deliver emergency aid to families in Gaza and conflict zones around the world. All gifts matched for a limited time.

Delivering lasting impact

The IRC helps people to survive, recover and rebuild their lives.

I support the IRC because I believe everyone should have an opportunity to seek a better future for themselves. My family had that opportunity and I'm so very grateful for it.

Refugee stories from around the world

In their own words, people share when and why they had to flee-and what life is like now.

El Salvador does not allow people like us: either you are a man or you are a woman. My dream upon arriving in the United States is to find a decent job, to have an income to help my parents.

At 27 years old, Fernanda Levin was forced to leave behind her parents, siblings and home simply so that she could safely be herself.

It's been so horrible, reading the news and wondering where family members are. All my relatives are in eastern Ukraine and I am afraid of what could happen to them.

Newly engaged and working amid the conflict and crisis at home, Ukrainian refugee Anastasiia is rebuilding her life in Poland.

My children motivate me to continue. I know that I do this not only for me, but for them, so that they do not have any problems when they grow up, so that they do not live or sleep in fear.

Natalia and her husband José traveled thousands of miles, sleeping rough on the streets, determined to reach a safe place to raise their children.

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The International Rescue Committee (IRC) responds to the world's worst humanitarian crises and helps people to survive and rebuild their lives. Find out how you can help the IRC offer lifesaving care and life-changing assistance to refugees forced to flee from war or disaster.

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Who is responsible?

It's the use of fossil fuels - coal, oil and gas - that's the main problem. Burning them has released carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases which were locked deep within the Earth. Because of this, the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere has rocketed. It's now at levels not seen in millions of years, before humans even existed. Carbon dioxide traps heat from the sun and as a result our planet is now warming fast. The UK's top ten warmest years have occurred since 2002, and this trend is set to continue.

The loss of forests and the declining health of our oceans has also made the situation worse. Both forests and oceans play vitally important roles in regulating our climate. Photosynthesising plants and plankton draw down carbon dioxide as they grow, locking it away in soils and rocks. Cutting down forests on an industrial scale destroys giant trees which suck up huge amounts of carbon. Meanwhile, overfishing and pollution damage the oceans which help keep our climate stable.

Despite the signs of the climate breakdown, big polluting corporations responsible for the majority of carbon emissions continue to carry on mining and burning fossil fuels. Major oil companies including BP, Exxon and Shell have spent hundreds of millions of pounds trying to delay or stop government policies that would have helped tackle the climate crisis. Industries including banks, car and energy companies have also profited off the fossil fuel industry. It is obvious now that these industries are knowingly putting money over the future of our planet and the safety of its people.

With such a huge crisis facing the entire planet, the international response should be swift and decisive. Yet progress by world governments has been achingly slow. Many commitments to reduce carbon emissions have been set, but few are binding and targets are often missed. Despite wanting to be seen as a climate leader, the UK government has continued to fall short of what's needed to meet targets and has not yet prepared the country for the consequences of climate change. There's still time for them to turn this around - and there are clear things they can do - but they need to take bold action now.

How to stop climate change

It's easy to feel overwhelmed, that climate change is too big to solve. But we already have the answers, it's just a question of making them happen.

Fossil fuels need to be quickly replaced with cleaner, renewable energy like wind and solar power. Governments and companies need to further invest in low carbon transport solutions.

We need to stop destroying forests for intensive agriculture such as cattle farming and palm oil plantations, allowing the trees to regrow and planting hundreds of millions more. And creating ocean sanctuaries will provide protected areas in which sea life can flourish away from the threats of industrial fishing, helping to restore the oceans' natural balance.

Around the world, millions of us are taking steps to defend our climate. Indigenous Peoples are trying to keep out fossil fuel industries that want to destroy their land or put their water supply at risk from oil spills. Communities in the Pacific Islands, who are facing sea level rise and more extreme weather, are using their strength and resilience to demand world leaders take quicker climate action. Tens of thousands of school strikers and people from all walks of life have taken to the streets demanding a solution to the climate emergency.

Over the years, Greenpeace has challenged oil companies chasing new supplies. We've also called out the UK government for their failure to act fast enough on the climate emergency. Meanwhile, ordinary people have blocked tankers and fracking rigs . And we're letting everyone know that renewable energy is the answer to fossil fuels.

Joining together means we can help build momentum and increase the pressure on the government and corporations. We've had some wins, but there's still a lot more we need to do to protect our climate.

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It's the use of fossil fuels - coal, oil and gas - that's the main problem. Burning them has released carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases which were locked deep within the Earth. Because of this, the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere has rocketed.

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Information about current Greek heatwaves + how it's being assessed

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Information about current Greek heatwaves + how it's being assessed

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Health Greece

See also the page on the United Kingdom

Vulnerabilities

Floods

Floods are the most common natural disaster in Europe. The adverse human health consequences of flooding are complex and far-reaching: these include drowning, injuries, and an increased incidence of common mental disorders. Anxiety and depression may last for months and possibly even years after the flood event and so the true health burden is rarely appreciated (1).

Effects of floods on communicable diseases appear relatively infrequent in Europe. The vulnerability of a person or group is defined in terms of their capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impact of a natural hazard. Determining vulnerability is a major challenge. Vulnerable groups within communities to the health impacts of flooding are the elderly, disabled, children, women, ethnic minorities, and those on low incomes (1).

Air quality

Air quality is expected to become poorer in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. Whereas human-induced emissions in most of Europe are decreasing, they are increasing in Turkey and the Middle East, which affect ozone and particulate air pollution, leading to excess morbidity and mortality. In the northern parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East increasing dryness will likely be associated with fire activity and consequent pollution emissions. Furthermore, this region has many large cities, including several megacities in which air quality is seriously degraded (12,14).

Heatwaves

Extended heat waves will have serious health implications (12). For urban areas in Greece the impact of climate change on health conditions has been estimated for 2021-2050 compared with1961-1990, based on a mid-line scenario for carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth (SRES A1B). The results show that (13)

changes in the number of days with temperature exceeding 35°C are expected to have an impact in population discomfort in the urban areas. This parameter will increase in Greek cities, probably by 10 to 20 additional hot days per year;

the number of warm nights per year, defined as nights where night-time temperature is above 20°C, will generally increase, probably by about an extra month per year;

approximately 5 to 15 extra days per year will require cooling (air conditioning);

practically all urban areas in Greece will experience 15 (±8) fewer days requiring heavy heating per year.

Heat stress

Heat stress is not determined by air temperature only. Other parameters, like humidity, wind speed and insolation, also determine how we experience a hot day. These parameters can be combined into heat stress indices that, better than temperature alone, reflect thermal comfort. For the city of Athens, the trends of 4 commonly used heat stress indices have been quantified for the period 1960 - 2017 on an hourly basis. Two of these indices are simple two-parameter indices, based on a combination of air temperature and humidity: the Heat Index (HI) and the Humidex (HD). These indices are being used operationally by the US National Weather Service and the Environment Canada Service, respectively. The other two indices reflect the physiological response of the human body to the actual weather conditions: the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) (15).

The results show that the population of Athens is exposed to a significant, increasing risk of heat stress since the 1960s, which is maximized in the last two decades. This increase, expressed in the time per year that the inhabitants of Athens are exposed to conditions of extreme heat stress, varies from 0.3%/decade to 0.9%/decade, depending on the index. Despite this statistically significant trend over the entire study period, a decline is observed during the last decade (15).

Also during the nighttime hours, when the human body should cool down, the population is exposed to significantly higher heat stress levels in recent decades compared to the past ones. In fact, the time people are exposed to high heat stress has increased at a faster rate for nighttime than for daytime conditions (15).

The increase in the time per year of high heat stress conditions results from trends in the timing of heat stress conditions. The occurrence of the first heat stress conditions has shifted to earlier in the year. The occurrence of the last heat stress conditions has shifted to later in the year. As a result, the period of heat exposure has expanded (15).

Adaptation strategies - General - Heatwaves

The outcomes from the two European heat waves of 2003 and 2006 have been summarized by the IPCC (2) and are summarized below. They include public health approaches to reducing exposure, assessing heat mortality, communication and education, and adapting the urban infrastructure.

1. Public health approaches to reducing exposure

A common public health approach to reducing exposure is the Heat Warning System (HWS) or Heat Action Response System. The four components of the latter include an alert protocol, community response plan, communication plan, and evaluation plan (3). The HWS is represented by the multiple dimensions of the EuroHeat plan, such as a lead agency to coordinate the alert, an alert system, an information outreach plan, long-term infrastructural planning, and preparedness actions for the health care system (4).

The European Network of Meteorological Services has created Meteoalarm as a way to coordinate warnings and to differentiate them across regions (5). There are a range of approaches used to trigger alerts and a range of response measures implemented once an alert has been triggered. In some cases, departments of emergency management lead the endeavor, while in others public health-related agencies are most responsible (6).

2. Assessing heat mortality

Assessing excess mortality is the most widely used means of assessing the health impact of heat-related extreme events.

3. Communication and education

One particularly difficult aspect of heat preparedness is communicating risk. In many locations populations are unaware of their risk and heat wave warning systems go largely unheeded (7). Some evidence has even shown that top-down educational messages do not result in appropriate resultant actions (8).

More generally, research shows that communication about heat preparedness centered on engaging with communities results in increased awareness compared with top-down messages (9).

4. Adapting the urban infrastructure

Several types of infrastructural measures can be taken to prevent negative outcomes of heat-related extreme events. Models suggest that significant reductions in heat-related illness would result from land use modifications that increase albedo, proportion of vegetative cover, thermal conductivity, and emissivity in urban areas (10). Reducing energy consumption in buildings can improve resilience, since localized systems are less dependent on vulnerable energy infrastructure. In addition, by better insulating residential dwellings, people would suffer less effect from heat hazards. Financial incentives have been tested in some countries as a means to increase energy efficiency by supporting those who are insulating their homes. Urban greening can also reduce temperatures, protecting local populations and reducing energy demands (11).

References

The references below are cited in full in a separate map 'References'. Please click here if you are looking for the full references for Greece.

1. Hajat et al. (2003)

2. IPCC (2012)

3. Health Canada (2010), in: IPCC (2012)

4. WHO (2007), in: IPCC (2012)

5. Bartzokas et al. (2010), in: IPCC (2012)

6. McCormick (2010b), in: IPCC (2012)

7. Luber and McGeehin (2008), in: IPCC (2012)

8. Semenza et al. (2008)), in: IPCC (2012)

9. Smoyer-Tomic and Rainham (2001), in: IPCC (2012)

10. Yip et al. (2008); Silva et al. (2010), both in: IPCC (2012)

11. Akbari et al. (2001), in: IPCC (2012)

12. Lelieveld et al. (2012)

13. Giannakopoulos et al. (2011)

14. Lelieveld et al. (2013)

15. Katavoutas and Founda (2019)

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κλιματική αλλαγή προσαρμογής στην κλιματική αλλαγή βιωσιμότητα παγκόσμια υπερθέρμανση

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See also the page on the United Kingdom Floods are the most common natural disaster in Europe. The adverse human health consequences of flooding are complex and far-reaching: these include drowning, injuries, and an increased incidence of common mental disorders.

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Alec Baldwin, actor and activist, speaks about the UN climate campaign Act Now.

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United Nations Act Now Project called upon by David Attenborough - https://youtu.be/Xjm1NecFGDY

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United Nations Act Now Project called upon by David Attenborough - https://youtu.be/Xjm1NecFGDY

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United Nations Act Now Campaign Sir David Attenborough

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comment ideas of what work we could produced :)

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(fire in greek)

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Heat Dome from Mediterranean affecting Greece 

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Heat Dome from Mediterranean affecting Greece 

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The most intense heatwave of the year is underway across southeastern Europe, with the highest temperatures between 42 to nearly 45 °C recorded from south Italy across Greece to western Turkey over the last few days. As we head into early August, the heatwave is expected to intensify even more and may challenge the European highest temperature ever recorded. Monday or Tuesday could both peak around +47 °C. Dangerous wildfire threat has developed over Turkey, parts of Greece and Sicily.

IMPORTANT UPDATE: After Monday's high of +46.3 °C, Greece and Turkey are again challenging heat records on Tuesday and Wednesday. Extreme wildfire thre develops!

While July was very hot across the southern and southeastern parts of the European continent, the month ended with extreme heat this week and continued to increase over the weekend. The worst heat has developed across southern Italy, Greece, and Turkey, as well are surrounding countries Albania, North Macedonia, Kosovo, southern Serbia, and Bulgaria.

A STRONG UPPER HIGH (HEAT DOME) TO BLAME FOR THE EXTREME HEATWAVE OVER GREECE

Through the end of July, a textbook weather pattern has been established over Europe. A strong blocking upper ridge is resulting in extremely high temperatures across parts of the Mediterranean and the Balkan peninsula. The ridge often forms a so-called heat dome which typically brings very high, record-challenging temperatures.

A heat dome is a term that is used when an area of high-pressure parks over a large portion of the continent and stays there for days or even weeks. It works like a lid on a pot, trapping a very warm/hot air mass underneath. This feature is often blamed to be responsible for deadly heatwaves around the world.

When we talk about a heat dome, it means that a trapping dome of heat lies beneath the extensive blocking (upper) High and surface high-pressure system. The heat dome results in a persistent stable air mass that begins to accumulate inside the lid and develops the heatwave, often a very intense and long-lasting one.

The temperatures observed during a heatwave are typically well above normal and often break the existing records, as it happened several times this year already.

A textbook example of the heat dome is the record-breaking heatwave which baked the Pacific Northwest of Canada and the United States at the end of June and also across most of the Lower 48 recently. The large lid helps to sustain the heatwave at the surface for a long time.

The ongoing weather pattern across the southeastern part of Europe is forecast to continue through early August, and extend the most intense heatwave of 2021 even further.

As typically difficult as the weather forecasting is, this heatwave was actually very well forecasted by the weather models since around July 20th. The weather model agreement was, unfortunately, very good and the heat is extremely intense that hasn't been experienced in years over this part of Europe.

Temperatures were gradually increasing after Tuesday as an intense heatwave began under the strengthening upper High over the Mediterranean and the Balkan peninsula. So far, the observed maximum temperatures were up to nearly 45 °C, being the hottest this weekend.

As we are heading into the first week of August, the heatwave is, believe it or not, forecast to increase further. Seriously. The forecasted maximum temperatures across parts of the southern Balkan peninsula are expected to climb very close to the all-time European heat record from Monday to Thursday.

Greece, parts of Bulgaria, and western Turkey will see much higher temperatures, with probably the worst over Greece. The general weather model agreement hints at the potential for the highest temperatures up to around 47 °C possibly in some of the lowlands, precisely in the Thessaly region in northern Greece. This region is also known for extreme heat in the past.

Larissa, the capital city of the Thessaly region, is often the warmest area in Greece in summer and so will be during this heatwave. The city has the official highest temperature record of +45.4 °C, set in summer 2000.

Depending on the local topography effects in the Thessaly region during the next days, the record temperature could well be challenged in some parts of Europe.

Attached above are the latest weather model trends regarding the potentially very high temperatures across the southern Balkan peninsula. An obvious significant temperature anomaly is seen over Greece. The heatwave is very likely to continue through most of the first week of August, or even further.

The ongoing dangerous wildfire threats across Greece, Turkey and Sicily, Italy will also increase are very dry and windy conditions are expected to continue through the first week of the final month of summer 2021.

HEATWAVE INTENSIFIES FURTHER ACROSS SOUTHERN BALKAN PENINSULA THROUGH THE FIRST WEEK OF AUGUST

The scorching heat has significantly intensified over Greece on Saturday when temperatures were pushed to almost 45 °C during the peak afternoon heating hours. Not a single cloud was there to limit the extreme heating from the Sun, while the lowest parts of the atmosphere are not almost to near 30 °C at the 850 mbar level (approximately 1500 m above sea level).

The highest temperature on Saturday was reported in the town of Arfara Messinia, Greece. It was +44.6 °C (112.3 °F). Several other stations also pushed above +42 °C as well.

+43.5 °C (110.3 °F) was recorded in Petrokefali Moiron, +43.4 °C (110.1 °F) in Sparti, +43.3 °C (109.9 °F) in Siva Heraklion, and +43.1 °C (109.6 °F) in Thiva, Greece. The reported data and charts above include METAR stations and the automated weather stations provided by Meteo.gr.

There has also been an outstanding 24-hours minimum temperature in Greece on Saturday, July 31st. Kalymnos Island has recorded a remarkable +34.3 °C (93.7 °F), the highest minimum temperature ever recorded in Europe during the month of July.

This is also the 2nd highest overall minimum temperature after the +36.0 °C (96.8 °F) recorded in Palermo, Sicily, Italy in June 2007. More records could be broken during the peak of the heatwave these days, especially the lowest temperatures in many places.

And this general weather pattern over Europe is more or less maintained over the southeast parts of the continent, despite some significant changes further north. A deep progressive upper trough has pushes into central Europe, resulting in a severe weather outbreak over the weekend. Temperatures are much cooler further to the west of the trough.

A typical combination of the deep trough to the north against the blocking High to its east results in a strong warm advection from North Africa into the Mediterranean and the Balkan peninsula. This is when the most intense heatwaves develop in this part of Europe.

The trapped air mass under the strong upper ridge has been gradually but steadily intensifying this week. And the peak of the heatwave has not been even reached yet. So the temperatures will very likely climb even higher through the first week of August.

Ahead of the progressive pattern with deep troughs over a large part of western and central Europe, a very hot air mass keeps advecting towards the southern Balkan peninsula. The attached 850 mbar anomaly chart below hints at the impressive temperature anomaly of 10-12 °C above normal for early August. Right over Greece!

So the following days are expected to be the hottest of the year for the whole of Europe, as the temperature forecast is hinting at the potential for nearly challenging the all-time European high-temperature record.

The rest of Europe will see some refreshing air with the weather pattern change. And at least the first week of August will see temperatures rather below normal for many Europeans. Except those under the scorching heatwave in the southern Balkans and Turkey.

PEAK OF THE HEATWAVE COULD PUSH GREECE AND W TURKEY TEMPERATURES TO AROUND 47 °C FROM MONDAY THROUGH THURSDAY

The southern Balkan peninsula and especially Greece has not even seen the worst of the heatwave yet. Although temperatures were extremely high this weekend, as nearly +45 °C was recorded, the peak of the ongoing extremely intense heatwave is yet to come on Monday through Thursday.

Countries across the Balkan peninsula that include Greece, Albania, North Macedonia, Romania, and Bulgaria will experience around 15 °C warmer temperatures than normal. This is an extremely hot period for early August. Very hot days are also forecast across southern Italy and especially western Turkey these days.

Depending on the weather model, the general position of the upper High (ridge) across southeastern Europe varies, so the peak of the heatwave will likely be reached on Monday or Tuesday. Although the extreme heat will extend for a few more days.

The highest afternoon temperatures are forecast to push into the nearly historic values in parts of Greece on Monday. As we can see from the chart above, the peak values could reach as high as 46 to 47 °C in the central and northern parts of Greece.

Remember, this is just a degree Celsius shy of the all-time highest temperature ever recorded in Europe as we discussed earlier.

It will be extremely hot also in North Macedonia, Bulgaria and western Turkey, 41-43 °C are again possible there on Monday. As well as over parts of southern Italy, including Sicily. Up to around 41-42 °C are also likely across the lowlands of southern Romania on Monday.

Tuesday and Wednesday are likely to be the final days of the most extreme temperatures, nevertheless. Then temperatures should finally drop a few degrees, although remaining in the lowest 40s possibly throughout the rest of the week.

The attached two charts below reveal the modeled peak temperature on Tuesday (left chart) and Wednesday (right chart). Both Tuesday and Wednesday could see the highest temperature of around 46 ° in Greece, while the rest of the southern Balkan peninsula will see a tad lower values.

Wednesday could be the hottest day in western Turkey during this heatwave, as weather models hint at the remarkable 30 °C at the 850 mbar level (1500 m ASL). If it verifies, this could bring temperatures between 45 and 47 °C also for these parts of Turkey. Similar conditions could repeat on Thursday.

As we can also notice from the chart above, temperatures will be at least a bit lower across the rest of the Balkan through the mid-this week. Baking temperatures in the lower 40s will, however, keep occurring over Sicily, North Macedonia, and part of southern Bulgaria.

According to the mid-range weather trends, the heatwave will continue into mid-August over the southeastern parts of Europe. With basically no chance of any precipitation for Greece or Turkey in the coming weeks. This is very concerning as extreme drought will worsen.

Below's chart is showing the temperature trends for the upcoming 14 days in Athens (Greece) and Bodrum (W Turkey).

Temperatures of around 10-11 °C above normal for early August will remain in Greece until about late this week, then a bit lower afterward. Similar, 9-10 °C temperature anomaly, remain over western Turkey until the next weekend, then a tad lower, but still very high.

Both charts also hint that no precipitation is forecast at least to around August 15-20th, possibly even for longer.

The extreme heatwave has already ignited numerous wildfires in parts of the Balkans and Turkey recently, as the environment is prone to explosive fire evolution with quite some winds and very dry air mass in place.

DESTRUCTIVE WILDFIRES IN SOUTHWESTERN TURKEY

Massive and destructive wildfires are ongoing across parts of southern and southwestern Turkey. The worst are the ones to the east of Antalya, raging in the mountainous terrain inland to the north of the coast between Alanya and Antalya.

The other wildfire with a huge smoke cloud is ongoing east of Bodrum and southwest of Marmaris, Turkey. The smoke cloud is pushed far south into the Eastern Mediterranean, including the Greek island Rhodes.

Numerous firefighters with the help of helicopters and airplanes are battling these wildfires still raging in the resort towns of Manavgat and Marmaris. Tourists have also been evacuated from Bodrum on the Aegean coast.

Most of the wildfires that erupted in Turkey are a result of the extremely dry heatwave that has intensified this week.

This Sunday, a massive wildfire has also started in Rhodes. The west-central parts of Rhodes Island are suffering an extreme drought this summer. The fire has ignited in the well-known place the Valley of Butterflies, near the town of Tholos.

Another dangerous and destructive wildfire is also ongoing around the city of Catania in Sicily, Italy. Numerous homes were damaged or burned this weekend, with several hundred people evacuated.

The ongoing extreme heatwave will likely worsen the ongoing fire situation, despite hundreds of firefighters battling them day and night now. Very dry land with almost no precipitation through the recent weeks sadly doesn't see any relief soon either.

WHAT ARE THE HOTTEST PLACES IN EUROPE?

Strong and occasionally intense heatwaves are not uncommon in Europe, if we just remember the historic heat in western Europe in 2019 or similar in the past. The ongoing heatwave in the southern Balkan peninsula, especially in Greece, is the worst in recent years.

The last time it was this hot in Greece was mid-July 2017 when Heraklion, the gateway to Crete, temperatures soared to a scorching +45.9 °C (114 °F). This was the highest temperature recorded in Greece since 2004.

The all-time highest temperature in Greece is +48.0 °C (118.4 °F), recorded in two cities, Athens and Elefsina, more than 40 years ago, on July 10th, 1977. And Greece is also holding the torch for the highest recorded temperature in Europe.

Portugal holds the 2nd highest record with +47.4 °C (117.3 °F) from Amareleja, Beja on August 1st, 2003 while Montoro, Cordoba (Spain) is just a shy behind, holding the 3rd place with +47.3 °C (117.1 °F) recorded on July 13th, 2017.

Foggia, Apulia is the Italian record temperature holder, +47.0 °C (116.6 °F) was set on July 25th, 2007. The cities Mostar, Bosnia, and Herzegovina, and Nicosia, Cyprus share the 5th place with +46.2 °C (115.2 °F), recorded on the 31st of July, 1901, and September 4th, 2020, respectively.

The other countries over the southern Balkan peninsula have the following records. The North Macedonian city Demir Kapija has the record temperature of +45.7 °C (114.3 °F) on July 24th, 2007, while Sadovo, Plovdiv Province in Bulgaria has the peak of +45.2 °C (113.4 °F) from the same day.

***The images used in this article were provided by Wetterzentrale, Pivotalweather, and Wxcharts.

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Up to +47 °C in Greece on Monday, challenging the European all-time highest temperature record, with the extreme heatwave intensifying as we head into early August

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The most intense heatwave of the year is underway across southeastern Europe, with the highest temperatures between 42 to nearly 45 °C recorded from south Italy across Greece to western Turkey over the last few days. As we head into early August, the heatwave is expected to intensify even more and may challenge the European highest temperature ever recorded.

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Naming heatwaves because of how dangerous they are

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Naming heatwaves because of how dangerous they are

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During a summer of punishing heat, Greek officials and researchers are thinking about naming individual heatwaves to help keep people safe when temperatures soar. It's part of a bigger push internationally to create a system for naming and ranking heatwaves, similar to the process for major storms.

"They're a silent killer"

"Heatwaves cause a lot of deaths; they don't make noise and they may not be visible but they're a silent killer," Kostas Lagouvardos, research director at the National Observatory of Athens, recently told The Observer, a Sunday paper published by Guardian Media Group. "We believe people will be more prepared to face an upcoming weather event when the event has a name."

Extreme heat kills 5 million people a year around the world, one recent study found. Many of those deaths could be prevented by encouraging people to prepare for and find shelter from the heat, and by building more heat-resilient neighborhoods. The hope is that official names will prevent extreme heat events from sneaking up on people and make disaster preparedness for extreme heat a more urgent priority.

Greece has been wracked with repeated heatwaves this summer, which have also stoked devastating wildfires. The worst heatwave to hit the country in several decades landed in August, when temperatures soared to a record-breaking 115.3 degrees Fahrenheit (46.3 degrees Celsius).

Even under normal circumstances, Athens is the hottest capital city in mainland Europe. In July, Athens named former deputy Mayor Eleni Myrivili its new "chief heat officer," the first such role in Europe. In a recent interview with The New York Times, Myrivilli said talks are underway over whether to name heatwaves after people or cities.

The World Meteorological Organization already comes up with names for tropical storms. The practice of giving storms a human name started in the 1950s because it was easier than referring to them using latitude and longitude. Now, storm names like Sandy, Maria, and Katrina are thought to make it easier to issue warnings to the public and drum up news coverage.

Creating a similar naming convention globally for heatwaves is the top priority of a new Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance forged last year. Its members include the City of Athens, as well as dozens of partners from other cities and charities including the Rockefeller Foundation and the Red Cross Global Disaster Preparedness Center​.

"The first step to being able to mitigate the risk to vulnerable communities"

If the alliance succeeds in its goals, new names for heatwaves would also come with a ranking. That's also similar to tropical storms, which are given a category from one to five based on their wind speeds. Ranking heatwaves could be "trickier" Lagouvardos told The Observer, because risk can depend on population density and differences in temperatures from place to place. But temperatures over 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit) could be the benchmark for naming a heatwave, according to Lagouvardos.

"Naming heat waves as a global threat is the first step to being able to mitigate the risk to vulnerable communities," California Insurance Commissioner Ricardo Lara said in a press release when the Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance formed. Older people, children, and city neighborhoods with more residents of color and fewer green spaces are often more vulnerable to heat-related illness and death. Regions with typically cooler weather can also be uniquely vulnerable because cities and homes weren't built to stand the heat, and residents haven't had to prepare for such extremes in the past.

Whatever plans ultimately materialize in Greece or elsewhere, heatwaves are becoming even more formidable threats because of global warming. Extreme heat events have already become more common across much of the world, and more record-shattering heatwaves are forecast for the future.

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In Greece, heatwaves are so bad officials are considering giving them names

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During a summer of punishing heat, Greek officials and researchers are thinking about naming individual heatwaves to help keep people safe when temperatures soar.

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Story from Greek Farmers

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Resin farmers say they feel helpless as entire villages dependent on the industry suffer from the effects of wildfires.

People from Ellinika village on Evia island in Greece have been in the forest for days fighting fires that started a week ago [Laila Sieber/Al Jazeera]

Evia, Greece - As Greece comes to terms with the devastation of fires that have burned tens of thousands of acres of land and destroyed entire villages, resin farmers on the island of Evia, one of the worst affected regions, are beginning to count the cost to their livelihoods.

When Al Jazeera met some of the farmers this week near the village of Ellinika in northern Evia, they were sleeping in shifts at the foot of the forest, as they had been doing for days to desperately protect the few remaining trees.

"I have 5,000 trees and they are all burned, I don't know what I'm going to do next," said Kostas, 33.

Born and raised in one of the island's northern villages, he said all the other resin farmers now faced the same grim reality.

"Maybe I will have to leave the island to go to Athens, I don't know," he said as he watched smoke emerging from the forest. "It's all gone."

The fires have come in the middle of the resin harvesting season, known as tapping, for resin.

The small plastic pouches strapped to the bark to collect resin represent a significant amount of the farmers' income source.

Resin has a variety of uses, including in plastics or even Retsina wine but now the Aleppo pine trees it once came from are smoking embers.

One of the farmers, Dimitris Platias, picked up a pouch from the debris in the forest and shook his head in disbelief.

It has been a game of cat and mouse for the resin farmers, running towards the fires with hoses and backpacks full of water and then retreating when the flames become too much.

A sense of desperation overwhelmed them as they watched their trees disintegrate into smouldering ash.

Stavros, 31, also from a local village, was bleary-eyed as he pointed to the sacks of resin in the trees.

"We've been doing this for a week," he said, breathlessly, having just run back from the fires, which were once again engulfing the pine trees.

A video on his phone shows part of the forest completely ablaze in recent days.

Evangelos Georgantzis, who heads the Resin Growers' Association in Evia, told local media that about 800 families who were entirely dependent on the resin-growing industry in northern Evia have been affected.

"Truly what we have experienced in Evia is tragic," he said, calling on state support for those who had lost their livelihoods as well as measures to repair the pine forest for future generations of farmers.

Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis has promised a relief package of 500 million euros ($587m) and said the affected areas will be reforested, but a sense of anger is rising.

One resident who requested anonymity said the state had done nothing to help.

The group putting out the fires, "these guys are the real heroes," he said.

Ilias Nikolarakos, who travelled more than 230 miles (370km) from the Mani region to help, said everyone fighting the fires was frustrated.

"We had no help," he said, a scarf wrapped around his face as he walked through the smoke. "The state doesn't care about the trees and many people live from this forest and the resin."

One local village has a fire truck that can carry 1.5 tonnes of water, but with all the small fires constantly reigniting, it has not been enough, the farmers say.

A village priest from Ellinika arrived driving a tractor to see if he could help with the effort, but more smoke emerged from the horizon.

"This part of the forest is doomed," said Babis, another resin farmer, putting his head in his hands as he urged the others to try and fight small fires breaking out on different fronts.

"I really don't know what I'm going to do now," said Kostas again, as he looked at the smoke across thousands of burning pines.

But determination persisted as the resin farmers once again gathered to go to a new fire that started nearby.

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'It's all gone': Greek farmers despair as fires decimate crops

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Resin farmers say they feel helpless as entire villages dependent on the industry suffer from the effects of wildfires. Evia, Greece - As Greece comes to terms with the devastation of fires that have burned tens of thousands of acres of land and destroyed entire villages, resin farmers on the island of Evia, one of the worst affected regions, are beginning to count the cost to their livelihoods.

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Temperature rising in hours over the years in Greece

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Temperature rising in hours over the years in Greece

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WHO Org - Climate Crisis Global Statistics

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WHO Org - Climate Crisis Global Statistics

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Global warming is well under way.

According to the World Meteorological Organization, the decade 2011-2020 was the warmest on record, with the year 2020 being among the 3 warmest recorded years globally ¹.

The average temperatures in 2020 were 1.2°C higher than in the pre-industrial period globally, and 2.2°C higher in Europe. The 2015 Paris Agreement aims to limit the global temperature rise to well below 2°C ².

Extreme weather events are becoming more intense and frequent.

Climate change is one of the main drivers of the projected trend for extreme weather events to become more intense and frequent. While only 5% Europeans were exposed to weather-related disasters each year during 1981-2010, this number could increase dramatically by the end of this century due to climate change ³.

The deadliest extreme climate events in the WHO European Region are heat-waves, particularly in western and in southern Europe. Several extreme heat-waves have occurred since 2000, causing thousands of deaths. In the future, the number of days with high heat-stress levels will increase everywhere in the Region, and heat-related impacts could increase substantially through the combined effects of climate change, urbanization and ageing ⁴.

According to the Lancet Countdown estimations, heat-related mortality in people aged 65 and over reached about 300 000 in 2018 globally; this number has nearly doubled in the past 20 years. In the European Region, the number of heat-related deaths has increased by more than 30% in the same period ⁵.

Floods registered between 1991 and 2017 caused the death of more than 2000 people in the European Region, affected 8.7 million others and generated at least €72 billion in losses. Climate change is projected to increase the intensity and frequency of flood events throughout the Region. In the absence of effective adaptation measures, for a medium emissions scenario, it is estimated that river flooding will affect about 300 000 people per year in European Union countries by 2050 and 390 000 people by 2080 ⁶.

Many parts of the European Region experienced significant droughts in the past decade. It is estimated that the area under high water stress will increase from 19% in 2007 to 35% by the 2070s, and the number of additional people affected is expected to be 16-44 million ⁶.

Climate change-induced alterations in the production and distribution of pollens and spores may lead to increases in allergic disorders.

Pollens and spores produced by plants are common allergens. Over 24% of adults living in the European Region suffer from various allergies, including severe asthma, while the proportion among children in the Region is 30-40% and rising. Global warming has extended the pollen season in the Region. An increase in the concentration of Ambrosia pollen, which is notorious for causing allergic reactions in humans, specifically allergic rhinitis, by 10 grains/m³ due to higher ambient carbon dioxide concentrations and warmer temperatures, may increase hospital admissions for respiratory disorders by 25% ⁶ .

Climate change continues to alter the distribution of vector-borne diseases.

Climate change continues to alter the distribution of disease vectors. Examples include ticks (Ixodes ricinus), which transmit tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease; the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), which can transmit several diseases including dengue, chikungunya and Zika; and the Phlebotomus species of sand flies, which transmit leishmaniasis ⁷.

1. 2020 was one of three warmest years on record Geneva: World Meteorological Organization; 2021.

2. Copernicus: 2020 warmest year on record for Europe Reading: European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts; 2021.

3. Kendrovski V, Schmoll O. Priorities for protecting health from climate change in the WHO European Region: recent regional activities Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2019;62(5):537-45.

4. Heat and health in the WHO European Region: updated evidence for effective prevention Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2021.

5. Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Beagley J, Belesova K et al. The 2020 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises Lancet. 2021;9;397(10269):129-70.

6. SDG 13: Health and climate action Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2019.

7. Protecting health in Europe from climate change: 2017 update Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2017.

Links are provided below to additional key reports with data and statistics of global and regional relevance.

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According to the World Meteorological Organization, the decade 2011-2020 was the warmest on record, with the year 2020 being among the 3 warmest recorded years globally 1. The average temperatures in 2020 were 1.2°C higher than in the pre-industrial period globally, and 2.2°C higher in Europe.

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Rainfall UK

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Countries most affected by climate change

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¿Cuáles son los países más amenazados y vulnerables por el cambio climático?

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Durante la celebración de la COP25 en Madrid el instituto Germanwatch presentó los resultados del Índice de Riesgo Climático (IRC) Global 2020. Según este análisis, basado en los impactos de los eventos climáticos extremos y las pérdidas socioeconómicas que provocan, Japón, Filipinas y Alemania son los lugares más afectados por el cambio climático en la actualidad.

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Temp Change UK

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some residents had to evict their animals

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some residents had to evict their animals

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Resident of a town on the outskirts of Athens inspecting the result of the fires

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Resident of a town on the outskirts of Athens inspecting the result of the fires

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'A resident on a town on the nortnern outskirts of athens inspects the damage caused by a wildfire'

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Examples of first hand flooding experiences in England/near home 1

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Examples of first hand flooding experiences in England/near home 1

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High water level lake submerging plants.JPG

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residents of Evia were evicted on Ferries

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residents of Evia were evicted on Ferries

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residents of evia island were evaucated on ferries

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Madoka Nishion on typography and cultural inheritance research

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Madoka Nishion on typography and cultural inheritance research

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Discover and explore the world's best advertising and design #dandad21

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What I used to make my logos

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Free for Personal Use Only.

This font is intended for limited use by Adobe software, technology and authorized users. Any unauthorized installation, transfer and/or use of this font is strictly prohibited.

Adobe Clean is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.

© 2008 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

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Adobe Clean Font Family | Download Free Fonts for Desktop and Webfonts

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Free for Personal Use Only. This font is intended for limited use by Adobe software, technology and authorized users. Any unauthorized installation, transfer and/or use of this font is strictly prohibited. Adobe Clean is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries. © 2008 Adobe Systems Incorporated.

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copied what we were doing in the first week workshop - tracing the letterforms from my laptop. May print off larger letterforms real big to repeat the process at some point?
Figured it could be handy to have some practice when it comes to designing our typeface for the brief as well as the logo

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Attempted to write some Greek words relating to our research / quotes found in the research along with the translations :)

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(heat in greek)

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(burn in greek)

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Drawing different greek words associated with hot (Burn, Fire + Heat)

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Drawing different greek words associated with hot (Burn, Fire + Heat)

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Greek Lowercase Letters - Noto Sans Mono font

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Greek Lowercase Letters - Noto Sans Mono font

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https://fonts.google.com/noto/specimen/Noto+Sans+Mono?noto.query=greek

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Greek Lowercase Letters Noto Sans Mono font

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By the middle of the century, the average temperature in our country will increase, and the average rainfall will decrease, while the sea level will rise to a remarkable degree. Climate change is an ongoing, exceedingly important and very well-studied global phenomenon. Detailed models predict its development over the next decades in a quite clear manner. However, its effects are not just environmental. They are not limited to air temperature increase, or to the appearance of extreme weather events. Its consequences affect every aspect of human activity, from the tourism infrastructure and the agricultural production of a country, to the health of its population.

The Impact of Climate Change on Growth (In Greek)
The eight-member research team of diaNEOsis, led by Konstantinos Kartalis, Professor of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and including, among others, Dimitris Oikonomou and Haris Kokkosis, Professors of the University of Thessaly, Manthos Santamouris, Professor of the University of New South Wales, and Elias Agathaggelidis and Anastasios Polydoros, environmental physicists at NKUA, analyzed the available data and arrived at a series of estimates about the impact of climate change on crucial sectors of the Greek economy for the time period 2046-2065.

How will the tourism product of the country be affected? What will the consequences be for its agricultural production? How much will the urban environment be impacted, and how grave will the danger for forests and cultural heritage monuments be? What will happen to the coasts? How severe will the impact on beaches, or ports be? How will public health be affected? The answers are shocking, and reveal a harsh truth. Our country is unprepared for a series of more or less unavoidable changes that will strongly affect its economic structure.

The study moves beyond describing the impact of climate change itself, assessing also the level of preparedness of the institutional framework of our country. The researchers have identified and recorded the government programs, official plans and studies in which climate change is dealt with superficially or even is completely ignored (a not so rare occurrence). The study arrives at a series of specific proposals for a radical revision of the country's institutional framework.

Here we present the basic conclusions of the study. But first, some important points about the consequences of climate change in Greece.

How does the climate change globally and in Greece?

Any changes in the Earth's weather patterns that extend for long periods of time (30 years or more) are collectively called "climate change". The term may seem self-contradictory: The global climate by definition changes constantly, and it has been well documented that it has changed dramatically many times during the long history of the planet. This current "climate change" is defined as the gradual increase of the temperature of the atmosphere that has been recorded over the past 150 years (the period for which there are available data), and which seems to be gradually accelerating over the last decades.

The global warming phenomenon has been extensively studied over the last decades, and remains at the top of the environmental agenda in almost every country of the world. It is monitored by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), an international scientific committee under the auspices of the United Nations, that coordinates scientist activities all over the world, and prepares reports about the phenomenon and its impact using the most valid and well documented data. The IPCC has published five extensive key reports (in 1990, 1995, 2001, 2007, and 2014), the so called "Assessment Reports", and a wide range of special reports. One of the special reports (Special Report on Emission Scenarios - SRES), that was published in 2000 and updated in 2014 (Representative Concentration Pathways - RCP), develops scenarios for the simulation of climate change taking into account demographics, economic growth, and technological developments. One of these scenarios (the moderate A1B, and in some cases its corresponding and updated form, RCP 6.0) was selected as the base scenario for the needs of this study.

At this point, it is important to say a few words about the estimates of climate conditions, as there is a fair amount of misplaced debate on the matter. The models created by scientists over the last decades are not meteorological, neither are they aimed at meteorological prediction. On the contrary, they estimate the climate variables over time (temperature, rainfall, sea level, etc.), on the basis of the conditions that will exist in the atmosphere, and more specifically in relation to the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (mainly carbon dioxide). We know these models are reliable because it has already been proven that they work: For instance, if we apply them on the conditions prevailing on the planet a few decades back, they predict quite accurately the climate of the planet today.

It is also important to explain briefly what is at stake for our planet regarding climate change: In 1958 atmospheric carbon dioxide levels reached 280 ppm (parts per million). This year for the first time they exceeded 410 ppm. And when we say "For the first time", we do not mean "For the first time since 1958". The rich available geological data show that there has never been such a concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere for millions of years.

What does that mean? The more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the more pronounced the greenhouse effect becomes, that is, the more radiation emitted by the earth is trapped in the lower atmosphere, producing an increase in temperature. We can already see the consequences: The planet's temperature increases, heatwave days increase, extreme weather events become more frequent, rainfall in some areas is reduced, ocean water expands and polar ice melts faster, causing sea levels to rise. Of course, this is a simple and broad description of the situation, as the phenomenon is extremely complex and its manifestations multiple and interdependent.

The international community, as you may know, has mobilized to deal with the problem through founding IPCC, mentioned above, as well as through signing the historical Kyoto Agreement (that soon proved inadequate), and more recently the Paris Agreement. The latter has set a target: Planet temperature increase by 2100 should not be higher than 2 degrees Celsius above the average temperature of the planet during the beginning of the industrial revolution. For that to happen, there must be a reduction in the rapid accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere - specifically, carbon dioxide must not exceed 600 ppm by 2100. Almost all countries of the world have signed the Agreement, and many of them have taken courageous steps to achieve this goal. European Union (Greece included) is of course a pioneer of that effort, but other large countries, such as China, have also committed themselves to working in this direction. This is very important, since the effects of this phenomenon spread over the whole planet approximately to the same degree. The United States may emit more carbon dioxide than almost any other country, but its concentration in the atmosphere above the USA is approximately equal to that over the other countries of the world.

The IPCC scenario we have chosen to use for the predictions of this study is one of the most "realistic". It predicts that in the future there will be rapid technological developments that will limit the explosive increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. According to this scenario, humankind will fail to meet the Paris goal, but not by much. The group has chosen to study the impact of the phenomenon during the 20-year period 2046-2065, since it is allows for more accurate estimates. Further, it is close enough for us to be able to imagine the impact on our own life - a 12 year-old child will be a 41 year-old adult in 2046.

It is also important to note that these estimates are exactly that: Estimates. They, as well as their potential impact described below, are possible outcomes of climate change during the next decades. They are not the only ones. There are over-optimistic scenarios that predict rapid technological progress that could reduce carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. There are also pessimistic scenarios that see carbon dioxide explode to 1000 ppm, something that would lead to a temperature increase of 4 or 5 degrees Celsius, with indescribable, disastrous consequences for nature and human civilization.

However, some things are clear. Due to the nature of climate change, which evolves at a slow pace, all existing scenarios agree that, irrespective of what will happen in the next decades, temperature increase cannot be avoided. It may be lower or higher, but it is absolutely certain that it will take place. And some of the consequences of temperature increase, which we will examine below, are also unavoidable.

To summarize, then, it is estimated that the changes in Greece's climate will be the following:

1. The temperature is expected to rise by 2.5 degrees Celsius on average in relation to the period 1961-1990. Regionally, the increase may reach up to 3.8 degrees during the summer months. The increase will be higher in northern Greece and smaller in the southern Peloponnese, the south Aegean islands and Crete. This increase is expected to have dramatic consequences mainly in the urban areas, but also at wooded areas (which we will describe below).

2. Heat wave days (with temperatures above 35 degrees Celsius) are expected to increase by 15-20 annually by 2050. By the end of the century, "tropic days" (days with temperatures of more than 35 degrees Celsius during the day and more than 20 degrees Celsius during the night) are expected to number more than 50 annually in most areas of the country.

3. By contrast, the days with night frost will decrease significantly, especially in Northern Greece (by up to 40 days annually).

4. At the same time, it is estimated that rainfall will decrease by 12% on average (20-30% decrease during the summer months, especially in the south, and 10% decrease during the winter months).

5. Additionally, it is estimated that sea levels will rise by 20 to 59 centimeters, according to alternative scenarios.

6. Extreme weather events will be much more frequent.

7. Most regions of the country will be impacted negatively, but not to the same degree. Central Macedonia, Thessaly, Western Peloponnese and Attica will face the greatest problems.

However, why are these changes bad? How will these climate conditions impact the economic activity of the country? Researchers have identified their impact on a series of indicative sectors, and we present briefly some of the results below.

The impact

1. Agricultural production will be severely affected

The climate of Greece will become drier due to the decrease in rainfall by 20-30% in the summer and by 10% in the winter. Periods of no rainfall whatsoever will be getting longer, the moisture deficit will increase by up to 12%, and an increased tendency of soil conversion to dryland in 60% of arable land will appear. This does not mean that there will be no more agricultural production in the country -it just means that the quantities produced and the sort of crops that the ground can support will be affected. According to most scenarios, the areas of Thessaly and Central Macedonia will suffer a decline in agricultural production, while some scenarios project a positive impact for more temperate areas such as Crete.

Researchers have studied in more detail the impact on viniculture, and found that the wine producing areas that will face problems during the 20-year period of 2046-2065 are mainly located in Central and Southern Greece (because they will have the highest reduction of rainfall and a significant increase in moisture deficit).

By contrast, viniculture will temporarily be favored by the conditions in the wine-producing areas located at the mountainous areas of the country, on the west as well as the north of Thessaly. Specific varieties that until now grew only farther south will now be able to grow there. However, in the long term the increase in the number of hot days, along with the decrease of rainfall, will cancel out any favorable conditions since vineyards will need increased irrigation. It should also be noted that, according to the international literature, temperature increase may affect the quality of the wine produced in the whole country because the harvest will be coming up earlier over the years.

2. Tourism will be strongly affected

The news for tourism are not all negative. Since there will be more heatwaves in the summer, hotels - as well as all other buildings - will consume more energy for cooling, and many areas (mainly islands) will face water supply problems, but in many areas of the country temperature increase will probably lead to a lengthening of the tourist season. Also, the decrease in the number of days that will need energy for heating will reduce the costs for tourist facilities in winter destinations.

However, the remaining phenomena mentioned above will have a negative impact: There will be more heatwave days, rising sea levels, coastal erosion (more details on that below), increase of forest fires and extreme weather events. According to the European research project PESETA, it is estimated that, in case of an average temperature increase of 2.5 degrees Celsius, as is approximately assumed in the context of this study, there will be a 1% reduction of overnight stays in the country, and a €825 million revenue loss for the tourist industry annually.

Furthermore, some specific forms of tourism will be severely affected. All ski resorts of the country will face greater pressure, mainly those located at low altitudes and especially in the south (Mainalo and Helmos).

Of course, this is something that has already started happening internationally. In the Parnassus Ski Resort steps are already been taken to deal with the decrease of snow days. In Central Europe there are ski resorts - mainly those at lower altitudes - that have not opened at all over the past few years. It is estimated that a temperature increase of 2 degrees Celsius over the next decades will put 33% of European ski resorts out of business.

There will also be very significant problems in archeological sites exposed to the elements, especially those located in forest areas or on steep slopes that are vulnerable to erosion. Temperature increase and rainfall decrease will make forest areas of the country drier, and therefore more vulnerable to forest fires. It seems that for the 20-year period under discussion specific destinations protected by UNESCO, such as the Temple of Epicurian Apollo and Ancient Olympia will be in immediate danger.

Additionally, forest fires will pose significant danger for the natural environment of the country, its infrastructure, as well as its economy. During the decade of 2000-2010 there were 111,642 fires in Greece, that burned down 611,706 hectares. By 2050, high risk days each year are expected to increase by 15% to 70%, depending on the area, while the high risk season will be extended from 2 to 6 weeks per year.

3. The coasts

According to the predictions of IPCC (2007), by the end of the century sea levels are expected to rise by 20 to 59 centimeters. However, some researchers consider these estimates too conservative, and believe that existing models underestimate the threat for the Antarctic glaciers. On the basis of these scenarios, by the end of the century it is more probable for sea levels to rise by somehere between 80 centimeters to 2 meters. These quantities may sound small or negligible, but they are not. We have recorded the consequences of a possible sea level rise for various areas of the country in a series of easy to read maps. Below we see the effects on the coasts of Laimos in Vouliagmeni and Ornou in Mykonos. The main report (it is available in Greek here) contains more examples.

Greece has a 16,000 km coastline. One third of all Greeks live at a distance of up to 2 km from the coast. Ninety percent of the country's tourism infrastructure are on coastal areas, and the same holds true for the 35% of productive arable land, all ports -by definition-, and most large cities.

The impact, as shown in the maps, is dramatic. If measures are not taken, the Laimos peninsula may become an island. Popular Greek beaches are in danger of disappearing. For instance, the south Ornos beach in Mykonos will be fully covered by the sea, and the waters will invade the land to a distance of 150 meters from the present coast, inundating roads and buildings. The buildings of "Small Venice" in the same island will face safety problems in case of a 0.5m rise, and will certainly be flooded in case of a 2m. rise. The estuaries of large rivers - such as Axios - will be transformed into sea bays. Ports and marinas will face serious problems, unless improvement and protection works are undertaken over the next decades.

Overall, according to an estimate (Sauter, 2013), there is a danger that rising sea levels may lead to the loss of 3.5% of the country's land. It is estimated that this may have a cost equivalent to 2% of the country's GDP.

However, apart for its economic and environmental impact, climate change will also have unavoidable consequences on public health. This is not a projection or a hypothesis -the effect of high temperatures on public health is a well-known and well-studied phenomenon. Already today, the temperature in the center of Athens is usually 6-10 degrees Celsius higher than the temperature in the northern suburbs. A further temperature increase will have dramatic consequences on the cost and quality of life in the city, as well as several known consequences on the health of vulnerable groups.

One need only think of this: The deadly heatwave that hit Central Europe in 2003 was at the time considered a once-in-a-1000-years phenomenon. According to the current estimates of the European Environmental Agency, average climate conditions in the 2040's will be approximately equivalent to the conditions of 2003.

The approximately 5.5 million Greeks who live in the 25 largest cities of the country, will face adverse thermal conditions due to the rising temperature.

In the municipality of Athens alone, 75% of the buildings are vulnerable to heat stress, since most of them were constructed before 1980. The cost of the energy consumed for cooling in the center of Athens during the summer months is already double the corresponding cost in Marousi. And it is expected to increase rapidly.

For illustration purposes, we should mention that if the average temperature rises by just 1 degree Celsius, the cost of the energy consumed by the country will increase by 600,000 euros per day. Studies and investment for covering these needs, mainly with renewable energy sources, are absolutely essential.

However, the impact on public health is estimated to be even more dramatic.

Studies have shown that for every 1 degree Celsius temperature increase above 34 degrees, daily mortality increases by about 3%. Recall that after 2046 Greece will have 15-20 more days like these in relation to the present. In heatwaves with daily temperatures higher than 42 degrees, daily mortality due to respiratory and heart conditions increases by 10% and 18% respectively. diaNEOsis' demographic study recently showed that, by 2050, 1 in 3 Greeks will be over the age of 65 - and therefore will belong to the vulnerable groups.

The health of millions of Greeks will be in danger because of the rapid increase in the number of days with very high temperatures.

What can be done?

Climate change is a huge problem of global proportions. The ways we can tackle it - or even the question of whether it can be tackled by now - is an enormous issue, perhaps the greatest challenge of this generation. As we have noted, the aim of the Paris Accord, which has been signed by almost all countries of the world (except for Syria, Nicaragua, and now the United States), is, by the end of this century, to limit the average temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius above the temperature of the planet in the beginning of the industrial revolution. It is considered a very ambitious target, and even if it is achieved, climate change impact will be very severe in many places, and to a certain extent will be very similar to what we have described above.

What is certain is that right now our country is completely unprepared to face even that optimistic scenario. It needs infrastructure and a series of adjustments at the state apparatus level, as well as extensive training of its personnel. But it also needs something else, which is highlighted in the last part of the diaNEOsis study. It must take into account climate change in the formulation of its production model through long term planning. This has not been done.

The study puts forward a series of 26 general and 16 more specific proposals. Here we can only mention very briefly seven of the most important ones:

1. Transition to a low carbon economy by 2050. This means achieving a gradual independence from fossil fuels in favor of renewable energy sources, and emphasizing energy saving actions in transportation and housing (2030 being an important intermediate point: 27% of the energy consumed should come from RES, and use of primary energy should be reduced by 27% through an improvement of energy efficiency).

2. Amendment of the country's institutional framework so that all relative government programs and plans will incorporate the reality of climate change. Our first priority should be to change the Water Division Management Plans, especially for Thessaly, Western Greece, and Peloponnese.

3. Preparation of special plans for the areas and sectors that will mostly be affected by climate change (agricultural sector, tourism, etc.) within the next five years.

4. Establishment of some form of metropolitan administration in Athens and Thessaloniki that will develop and implement integrated plans for adapting to climate change. This is a problem that fragmented municipalities cannot tackle on their own.

5. Gradual improvement of the built environment in the cities, giving priority to the heat stressed areas, which usually are the poorest ones.

6. Amendment of the institutional framework on private investments, to support local productive activities that assist adapting to climate change (improvement of port infrastructure, renewable energy sources, construction materials, etc.).

7. Adaptation of the National Health System to the new challenges of worsening temperature conditions and the demographic composition of the population.

All proposed measures aim on the one hand to limit the damage from the future impact of climate change, and on the other to capitalize on the possible benefits that may exist in each case. These measures cannot be the same for the whole country - they have to be different in each area and sector. Attica's needs are very different from those of Thessaly, and completely different from those of Crete.

Another important fact is that the geographic placement of the administrative institutions of the country is not very useful for tackling such a phenomenon. The areas that face common threats are rarely located within the boundaries of one geographical region. Neighboring municipalities of Athens that face similar problems should not try to deal with them independently.

Finally, we must stress again that this diaNEOsis study describes a scenario that is generally considered moderate and "realistic", or even optimistic by some accounts. The impacts we describe above for the next decades are to a certain degree unavoidable. However, if things do not improve, they may be much worse. If efforts to curb emissions fail and other, more pessimistic scenarios turn out to be accurate, the average temperature increase of the planet will be significantly greater. Many scientists believe that human civilization is in no way prepared to deal with a temperature increase of 4 or 5 degrees Celsius by the end of the century.

Still, we have to start somewhere. The Greek government needs to acknowledge the seriousness of the problem and adapt its institutional framework and the country's entire economic model to accommodate the well studied, widely accepted and practically unavoidable realities of our near future.

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The Impact of Climate Change on the Greek Economy - Dianeosis

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What will the consequences be for the country's agricultural production? How will tourism be affected? How much will the urban environment be impacted, and how grave will the danger for forests and cultural heritage monuments be? What will happen to the coasts? How severe will the impact on beaches or ports be?

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Arrow designs for language posters/leaflet

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Arrow designs for language posters/leaflet

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Arrow designs for language posters:leaflet

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had to change the layout slightly in some sections.

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Greek Uppercase Letters - Noto Sans Mono font

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Greek Uppercase Letters - Noto Sans Mono font

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Greek Uppercase Letters Noto Sans Mono font

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tbc for the 'body' of the campaign images/written content.
learned that some fonts don't include all accents needed on some characters in order to write Greek, even if they include Greek Script Characters.
This is one of the three fonts I found that supports the 'many polytonic accents necessary for writing and displaying greek'

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tbc for the 'body' of the campaign images/written content.
learned that some fonts don't include all accents needed on some characters in order to write Greek, even if they include Greek Script Characters.
This is one of the three fonts I found that supports the 'many polytonic accents necessary for writing and displaying greek'

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tbc for the 'body' of the campaign images/written content.
learned that some fonts don't include all accents needed on some characters in order to write Greek, even if they include Greek Script Characters.
This is one of the three fonts I found that supports the 'many polytonic accents necessary for writing and displaying greek'

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High water level dangerously close to public footpath near houses

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Examples of first hand flooding experiences in England/near home 2

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Examples of first hand flooding experiences in England/near home 2

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High water level dangerously close to public footpath near houses.JPG

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'United Nations ACT NOW' , 'Rescue.Org', 'Greenpeace', 'EON Energy'

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played with typography and logo arrangement ideas (would have to redo them with our own typeface)

i used the google noto font - second page i used a wrinkle tool on illustrator to give it a burnt at the edges effect. would have to edit the typeface a bit more than just that i imagine

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uppercase typeface

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Artist (PTRVRKD) Research - Riso Printing on Etsy - Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Artist (PTRVRKD) Research - Riso Printing on Etsy - Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Colour inspiration & seeing riso print colours live on canvases

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PTRVRKD is a one person creative studio based in Utrecht. Her work focusses on handmade prints in the form of risograph and screen printing and the experiment within. Every handmade print is paid attention to in every step of the process from start to finish. That's wat makes the risograph prints unique and qualitative.

With one foot in the world of art and the other in the design world Petra has developed a fascination for shape, color and the appearance of things.

Petra's printed matter has been featured on People of Print and Utrecht Print Exchange.

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You searched for: PTRVRKD! Discover the unique items that PTRVRKD creates. At Etsy, we pride ourselves on our global community of sellers. Each Etsy seller helps contribute to a global marketplace of creative goods. By supporting PTRVRKD, you're supporting a small business, and, in turn, Etsy!

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Red,Orange & Yellow Risograph Skyscraper colour inspo

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Red & Blue Risograph Skyscraper colour inspo

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COP26 - Glasgow 26th occurrence Climate Crisis

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COP26 - Glasgow 26th occurrence Climate Crisis

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environmental factors are more to blame than arson

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environmental factors are more to blame than arson

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why wildfires happen: debunking the myth that arson is behind the increasing trend - cnn

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Why wildfires happen: Debunking the myth that arson is to blame more than climate change

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Some leaders have emphasized the role of arsonists in the fires, while others are accused of using climate change as a cover for their own poor disaster management. The result is a confusing message of who and what's to blame. Here are some answers.

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50C Lucifer heatwaves carbon emissions rising

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50C Lucifer heatwaves carbon emissions rising

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Countries in Europe could suffer 50C 'Lucifer' heatwaves every three years if carbon emissions keep rising, experts warn

Unless the world takes action, Europe can expect 'Lucifer' heatwaves by 2100

Professor Peter Scott said the chances of the 'extreme events' continue to rise

It comes as world leaders come together for negotiations at Cop26 in Glasgow

Europe will see extreme 50C heatwaves every three years if greenhouse gases continue rising, the Met Office has warned.

Unless the world takes action, Europe can expect 'Lucifer' heatwaves to take place by 2100, it said.

Professor Peter Stott told BBC's Panorama: 'The increasing chances of these extreme events continue to rise.'

The heatwaves were first named in Italy in 2017, called 'Lucifero', when a heatwave swept southern Europe with temperatures above 40c.

In August 2021, Italy, reported another, which was a European record high temperature of 48.8C.

Professor Stott from the Met Office said: 'We can be more confident than we've ever been about linking extreme weather events to climate change.

'The science is clear that the faster we reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases, the more we can avoid the most severe impacts of climate change.'

The new analysis comes as leaders and policy makers from across the world come together for negotiations at Cop26 in Glasgow.

Several countries have outlined pledges at the conference, including India, which announced it would cut emissions to net zero by 2070, China, which has said it will achieve carbon neutrality before 2060 and a net zero commitment by 2050 from Vietnam.

Scientists have said there needs to be a global goal to cut emissions to net zero by 2050 to avoid temperature rises above 1.5C and to prevent the worst impacts of climate change.

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Countries in Europe could suffer 50C 'Lucifer' heatwaves, experts warn

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Unless the world takes action, Europe can expect 'Lucifer' heatwaves by 2100 Professor Peter Scott said the chances of the 'extreme events' continue to rise It comes as world leaders come together for negotiations at Cop26 in Glasgow Europe will see extreme 50C heatwaves every three years if greenhouse gases continue rising, the Met Office has warned.

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Greeks fear megafires could be new normal for Med - BBC News

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On the Greek island of Evia last summer an intense conflagration took almost two weeks to control.

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Download Firecat Font · Free for commercial use ·

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Orange & Green Risograph Skyscraper colour inspo

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Another example of orange & green together - more earthy feel

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Another example of orange & green together - more earthy feel

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Limited edition of 50. Fluro Orange + Green Cyclus Offwhite by Risotto Studio. Made of 200gsm.

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made some posters
i know that was a maggie task
but i just had some ideas whilst video editing so gave it a shot
the final two are basically copies of the posters for that new movie 'Don't Look Up'