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The "Deer King Jataka painting" is located in Mogao Cave 257, west wall center, Dun Huang. Mogao Cave is a religious and cultural crossroads on the Silk Road, many religions intersect and leave paintings on the walls that symbolize and convey important religious meanings. This painting is drawn in the Northern Wei Dynasty, as a story of the past lives of Shakyamuni Buddha/The Buddha/Siddhartha Gautama, producing knowledge about the religion itself.

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The Tripitaka scriptures are the first Buddhist scriptures, although it has not fully preserved due to time. It is important as it assists Buddhists to reveal the wisdom themselves, therefore producing the knowledge for themselves by relying on these scriptures and their own insight.

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Many of the rituals have already mixed into Chinese people's daily life. As Taoism is made by Chinese people themselves, it is deeply related to farming and the dates of important events such as the birth of the three biggest god (San Qing) with their birth date (San Yuan). The main things that you have to do back then are all linked to farming such as they are prohibited to eat beef as cow are the main force for farming. As said, because people will need to save time to farm so Taoism do not have too much rituals that you need to do daily. (Even though if you have money you can do a lot of Taoism rituals)

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What religious belief system do you associate yourself with?

My family and I are catholic, but I don't really know about the belief system. My mother does generate a lot of bias within me about the religion.

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Shinto.

Shinto, the indigenous religion of Japan, is centered around the worship of kami, which are spirits or deities that inhabit natural elements, ancestors, and certain concepts.

Shinto emphasizes harmony with nature, respect for traditions, and rituals to honor Kami.. Shinto has no singular scripture or dogma, which reflects its flexibility and integration with daily life..

Perspectives on Shinto vary widely.

Some outsiders view Shinto as a unique and harmonious tradition deeply connected to Japanese culture and aesthetics, admiring its environmental focus and emphasis on tradition.

However, others, especially those from monotheistic or dogmatic religious backgrounds, may find Shinto’s lack of centralized doctrine or moral absolutes puzzling. Additionally, the historical use of Shinto for nationalist purposes during Japan’s imperial era has led to some negative associations in certain contexts.

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Do we have an ethical responsibility to gain knowledge of different religions to help us better understand the world and those around us? 

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Do we have an ethical responsibility to gain knowledge of different religions to help us better understand the world and those around us? 

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Yes, we have a moral responsibility to learn about different religions to help us better understand the world and the people around us. From one perspective, religious education is recognized as an important tool for promoting respect, understanding and harmonious coexistence of diverse cultures and religions. For example, religious education can help students develop critical thinking skills, understand the impact of different religious beliefs on individuals and society, and develop values of respect for others. By studying the fundamentals, historical backgrounds, and moral principles of different religions, one can better understand how these religions shape worldviews, values, and social behavior.

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1. What religious belief system you associate yourself with ?

Buddhism

2. Explain some of the knowledge pertaining to your religious belief system?

The basic teachings of Buddhism include the four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and karma. The four Noble Truths are the core teachings of Buddhism, including the Truth of suffering, the truth of collection (the cause of suffering is desire), the truth of destruction (pain can be eliminated through practice), and the Truth of Enlightenment (Nirvana through practice). The Eightfold Path is the concrete path to Nirvana. Buddhism emphasizes karma, the belief that an individual's actions will determine his or her future fate, such as "good things happen to good people."

3. Has there been a perspective of others towards your religious belief system that you have come across with ?

My grandmother was a true Buddhist. During my kindergarten, I also learned her dress, such as wearing Buddha beads and so on. But my classmates didn't have faith, so they laughed at me.

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Do we have an ethical responsibility to gain knowledge of different religions to help us better understand the world and those around us?

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Do we have an ethical responsibility to gain knowledge of different religions to help us better understand the world and those around us?

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Promotes Tolerance and Respect

Understanding various religions fosters appreciation for cultural diversity, reducing prejudice and discrimination. It encourages empathy and compassion, leading to more harmonious relationships among people of different backgrounds.

Enhances Communication

Familiarity with different religious perspectives improves dialogue, especially in multicultural settings. This knowledge aids in resolving conflicts that arise from misunderstandings related to cultural and religious differences.

Informs Ethical Decisions

Different religions offer varied ethical frameworks that can guide personal and societal moral decisions. Many emphasize shared values such as kindness, justice, and community, which can inform actions and policies.

Personal Growth

Exploring other religions encourages self-reflection about one’s own beliefs and enhances critical thinking and open-mindedness, allowing for personal development.

Global Awareness

In a globalized world, knowledge of various religions is essential for understanding issues intertwined with beliefs, promoting informed and responsible citizenship.

In summary, gaining knowledge of different religions is vital for fostering a more understanding, tolerant, and peaceful society. This ethical responsibility ultimately leads to improved relationships, informed decision-making, and greater global harmony.

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Do we have an ethical responsibility to gain knowledge of different religions to help us better understand the world and those around us?

Understanding different religions is like learning about the unique preferences and perspectives of people around you. By taking the time to learn about these beliefs, we can better understand why people think and act the way they do. This understanding helps us communicate more effectively, treat others with respect, and build stronger, more inclusive communities. In a diverse world, this effort to learn and empathize is an important step toward fostering kindness, cooperation, and mutual respect.

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Key Beliefs in Buddhism

The Four Noble Truths:

Life involves suffering (dukkha).

Suffering arises from craving and attachment.

It can be overcome by letting go of craving.

The Eightfold Path leads to liberation.

The Eightfold Path: A guide to ethical living, mental discipline, and wisdom (e.g., Right Speech, Right Action, and Right Mindfulness).

The Three Marks of Existence:

Impermanence (Anicca): Everything changes.

Suffering (Dukkha): Life is unsatisfactory.

Non-Self (Anatta): No permanent self exists.

Karma and Rebirth:

Actions shape future experiences.

Rebirth continues until liberation (nirvana).

The Three Jewels:

The Buddha (teacher), Dharma (teachings), and Sangha (community).

Meditation and Mindfulness: Key practices for developing wisdom, compassion, and insight.

Compassion and Wisdom: Essential qualities for enlightenment.

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What religious belief system you associate yourself with ?

Although my family is catholic, i dont believe at all, and also I dont know that much about that religion, however i guess my religion is also catholic

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Do we have an ethical responsibility to gain knowledge of different religions to help us better understand the world and those around us?

If we want to involve ourselves in situations that comprise of religious matters or participants, we have an ethical responsibility to gain at least general knowledge of different religions to help us better understand the world and those around us. For example as a medical professional, one must be aware of religions such as Jehovah’s Witnesses, who do not accept external blood products into their bodies. This applies to the world in terms of developing methods in surgical practice that use only the body’s own blood products rather than blood transfusions. This not only respects the religion, but also reduces the risk of transfusion reactions, that aids in recovery. Therefore, in certain situations or roles, it is a person’s ethical responsibility to have related knowledge of different religions.

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Do we have an ethical responsibility to gain knowledge of different religions to help us better understand the world and those around us?

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Do we have an ethical responsibility to gain knowledge of different religions to help us better understand the world and those around us?

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I am a materialism but I think understand different religions can help me better understand the world and people around us. Yes, it helps me get to know people better. Understanding the beliefs of different religions can reduce some of the prejudices and stereotypes. Also, I think religions is connected to the culture. In conclusion, learning about different religions is an ethical responsibility as it helps us build a more inclusive, understanding, and cooperative world.

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1. What religious belief system do you associate yourself with?

I don’t follow any specific religion myself, but I know my dad worships Guan Er Ye (Guan Yu) and my mom worships Guan Yin, which is part of the Chinese folk religion.

2. Explain some of the knowledge pertaining to your religious belief system.

Guan Er Ye is often associated with loyalty and bravery, but many people also worship him to bring wealth and success in business. Guan Yin, on the other hand, is known for her kindness and compassion, and people pray to her for safety and protection. These beliefs emphasize values like respecting family, maintaining peace, and seeking blessings through prayers and offerings.

3. Has there been a perspective of others towards your religious belief system that you have come across?

Some people don’t really understand these beliefs because they’re not familiar with Chinese folk religion. But others are curious and appreciate learning about different cultural practices and beliefs.

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What religious belief system you associate yourself with ?

Explain some of the knowledge pertaining to your religious belief system?

Has there been a perspective of others towards your religious belief system that you have come across with ?

Taoism.
bodhisattva

For Stability, peace of mind, blessings

We believe that human and animals should live in balance with the universe.

they revere their ancestors and commemorate them through sacrifices, prayers and special rituals, especially during major festivals

some Taoists adopt a vegetarian die

Lunar new year: late January or early February, which involves various rituals for renewal and good fortune

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Do we have an ethical responsibility to gain knowledge of different religions to help us better understand the world and those around us?

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Do we have an ethical responsibility to gain knowledge of different religions to help us better understand the world and those around us?

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Yes, I'm not a pure atheist. if I want to understand a person, it is a good thing for me to learn the different religions to help me better understand the world and people around us. And my grandparents have the religion, so I am influenced by them. Going to learn about different faiths helps us to respect different cultures and viewpoints. My grandparents would go to church at Christmas. I won’t go to the church with them. but i respect them and understand. So going to learn about different religions helps to be tolerant and respectful of different religions and people.

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Ethics - Do we have an ethical responsibility to gain knowledge of different religions to help us better understand the world and those around us?

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Ethics - Do we have an ethical responsibility to gain knowledge of different religions to help us better understand the world and those around us?

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Religious beliefs include different interpretations of the universe, nature, humans, and society. For example, Buddhism emphasizes causality and the relationship between past lives and this life. In addition, religious beliefs often contain a complete set of values and ethics, which can also help us understand the world from different perspectives. So if we want to get a better understanding of the world and those around us, we can start with get to know different religious beliefs and backgrounds

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Daoism:

Our belief is not actually the whole religion but Guan Yu in particular for wealth.

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1.Taoism

Taoism is a philosophical and religious tradition that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao, an eternal, formless force that flows through all life. The Tao is considered the ultimate reality, and Taoists believe that aligning with it leads to peace, balance, and spiritual immortality. The key text of Taoism is the Tao Te Ching, attributed to Laozi, which teaches principles of simplicity, humility, and non-action (wu wei). Taoist practices include meditation, Tai Chi, qigong, and rituals that aim to cultivate energy (chi) and harmony with the natural world. In terms of the afterlife, Taoism does not have a uniform belief, but some schools emphasize the idea of achieving immortality or transcending the cycle of life and death by merging with the Tao. Taoism stresses individual spirituality and personal transformation, and its practices are often interwoven with Chinese folk religion.

2.Buddhism

Buddhism is a spiritual tradition that teaches the path to enlightenment through the understanding of the Four Noble Truths and the practice of the Eightfold Path. The ultimate goal in Buddhism is to attain Nirvana, which is the cessation of suffering and the end of the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (samsara). Unlike many other religions, Buddhism does not focus on a personal god but rather emphasizes the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, who attained enlightenment through meditation and self-reflection. Key texts in Buddhism include the Tripitaka (Pali Canon) and various Mahayana sutras, which provide instructions on ethical conduct, meditation, and wisdom. Practices such as meditation, mindfulness, chanting, and the pursuit of moral virtues help individuals move closer to enlightenment. Buddhists believe in karma (the law of cause and effect) and reincarnation, where one’s actions in this life determine the circumstances of future lives. The ultimate aim is to break free from suffering and attain Nirvana.

3.Hinduism

Hinduism is one of the oldest and most diverse religious traditions in the world. It is a complex system of beliefs that includes the worship of many gods and goddesses, all expressions of the ultimate reality, Brahman. Hinduism encompasses various paths to spiritual fulfillment, including devotion (bhakti), knowledge (jnana), and selfless action (karma). Key sacred texts in Hinduism include the Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and Ramayana, which offer teachings on ethics, spirituality, and devotion. Hindu practices are highly diverse and include daily rituals (puja), meditation, yoga, festivals, and pilgrimages to sacred sites. Hinduism teaches the belief in reincarnation and karma, where one's actions in this life shape future lives. The ultimate goal is to achieve moksha, liberation from the cycle of rebirth, and union with the divine. Hinduism acknowledges that each individual’s path to moksha may be different, with varying beliefs and practices based on personal choice and family traditions.

4.Catholicism

Catholicism is one of the largest branches of Christianity, centered on the belief in one God who exists as the Holy Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). Catholics believe that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, became human, lived, died, and was resurrected to offer salvation to humanity. Salvation is achieved through faith in Jesus, good works, and the sacraments, especially the Eucharist (Holy Communion) and baptism. The Bible, consisting of the Old and New Testaments, is the foundational text in Catholicism, with teachings passed down through sacred tradition and the Church's authority. Catholic practices include prayer, participation in the sacraments, attending Mass, and observing holy days like Christmas and Easter. The Church emphasizes the importance of moral living and following the commandments of God. In terms of the afterlife, Catholics believe in Heaven, Hell, and Purgatory, with eternal life determined by one’s faith and actions. Salvation is seen as a process of becoming more like Christ through grace and good works.

5.Islam

Islam is a monotheistic religion based on the belief in one God, Allah, who is the creator and sustainer of the universe. Muslims believe that the Prophet Muhammad is the final messenger in a line of prophets that includes Adam, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. The Quran, believed to be the literal word of God as revealed to Muhammad, is the primary sacred text, and it provides guidance on all aspects of life. In addition to the Quran, the Hadith, a collection of sayings and actions of Muhammad, supplements Islamic teachings. The Five Pillars of Islam are the core practices that guide a Muslim's faith and actions: the declaration of faith (Shahada), prayer (Salat), fasting during Ramadan (Sawm), charity (Zakat), and pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj). Islam teaches that after death, individuals are judged by Allah and sent to either Paradise or Hell based on their faith and deeds. Muslims believe in the concepts of predestination and free will, with an emphasis on living a life of righteousness, justice, and compassion.

These paragraphs highlight the distinct beliefs and practices of each religion while recognizing their shared commitment to moral living, spiritual development, and an ultimate goal of understanding or union with the divine.

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I associate myself with Buddhism, although it’s a relative alignment. I do not fully align myself with everything pertaining to Buddhism, and as a result, the knowledge I have is quite limited. Due to the different branches of Buddhism, there are also various teachings depending on region.

(Take all the following with a grain of salt as my memory/knowledge may be quite limited in this regard.)

In general, Buddhism teaches one to be kind and moral, and it introduces a cycle of reincarnation. Most Buddhist followers also strive to become the Buddha by honing their awareness of the world. At home, I sometimes see my parents meditating or, more commonly, reciting sacred texts. They also have beads that they bring along with them or wear as jewelry.

Because I am not very vocal about my alignment with Buddhism, I have not received many perspectives on the matter. The only perspectives come from those of my parents and actual Buddhists I meet at Buddhist temples. For this reason, I have not noticed very negative perspectives regarding Buddhism, although that is likely due to where I live rather than the public opinion on Buddhism.

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What religious belief system do you associate yourself with?

Taoism

Explain some of the knowledge pertaining to your religious belief system.

My family believes in Guan Yu, 武财神, the god of wealth. This means earning more money, people who believe in this are mostly owning or running a business or related to a business. They pray to Guan Yu for blessing in their fortune.

Has there been a perspective of others towards your religious belief system that you have come across with?

No.

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What religious belief system you associate yourself with ?

Catholicism

Explain some of the knowledge pertaining to your religious belief system?

We believe in one God in three persons: God the Mother (Mary), God the Son (Jesus Christ), and God the Holy Spirit. there's a special veneration for Mary, believing in her Immaculate Conception and Assumption. The Bible consists of the Old Testament and the New Testament, with the Catholic canon including deuterocanonical books. I was baptized and this is an important part of catholicism, we believe that it removes the guilt of original sin and receiving grace.

Has there been a perspective of others towards your religious belief system that you have come across with ?

Moral Framework, Some individuals admire the moral teachings of Catholicism, particularly around social justice, family values, and the sanctity of life.

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Do we have an ethical responsibility to gain knowledge of different religions to help us better understand the world and those around us?

It depends on the desired scope of knowledge of the individual. A basic, overall understanding of different religions can allow an individual to better understand the world and the context and motive behind each one's decisions.

When conversing with others around us, knowing about different religions allows one to understand the context and background behind the words of the other. This allows the individual to understand the other's perspective better as they can "step into their shoes", allowing for a rounded understanding of every conversation.

However, if one is not inclined to learn about different perspectives of the world, there is no need to gain knowledge of different religions.

In conclusion, if an individual was inclined to learn about more perspectives, learning about religion is an effective method; however, there is no need if they are not in need of a different perspective.

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What religious belief system you associate yourself with ?

Explain some of the knowledge pertaining to your religious belief system?

Has there been a perspective of others towards your religious belief system that you have come across with ?

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Refer the recent media news here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3dNWiZEXdA

If this is an object for the exhibition with the theme knowledge and religion - whic IA prompt would you select ?

Look at the knowledge framework- what knowledge questions will you choose - choose atleast two from two areas

Try to answer them in the context of the object

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Bangladesh Hindu Hate: Another ISKCON Temple Set Ablaze In Dhaka | Idols Gutted | Vandalism On Cam

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related question from methods and tools:

how does technology extend or transform different modes of human cognition and communication?

argument 1:

3D printing allows people who work for art to further develop people’s innovation thinking.

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argument 1 for object 1:

Excessive reliance on calculators can have a negative impact on students' mathematical thinking.

Students are likely to become dependent on calculators due to the convenience of the graphics provided by them, which can lead to a stagnation in their thinking development.

argument 2 for object 1(counter):

Calculator provides accurate and effective solutions to mathematical problems, reducing the possibility of human error.

the related question is from the methods and tools: how does computation help people to process data and information to gain knowledge?

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1st object:

Augmented Reality Integration, Users engage with digital information more immersively from Vision Pro's integration of augmented reality (AR) with the physical world.

In addition to improving experiences, it makes people think about screen time, dependency, and striking a balance between virtual and in-person connections.

2nd object:

Reality vs. Illusion, "The Matrix" explores deep philosophical issues regarding perception, reality, and existence.

Social commentary, "The Matrix" is a critique of contemporary society, including the ways in which consumer culture and technology can cause people to lose touch with reality.

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Object 1: fMRI Machine

Argument 1: Revolutionize brain studies, this allows observations of brain studies in real-time. Allowing to map brain activity with precision. Making deeper investigations into cognitive functions and disorders. Targeting specific cures for the patient.

Argument 2: Allowing non-invasive observations of the brain. Doesn't require surgeries or radiation. It advances research ethics by providing safer methods for studying brain functions with repetitive observations.

Argument 3 (Counter): This machine relies on the measurement of blood flow. Meaning the data collected may not always be correct. And it depends on the subjective analysis of the complex data. One set of data might lead to several different conclusions.

Object 2: The first Microscope invented

Argument 1: Allowed the discovery of microorganisms, which are only visible to microscopes and not the naked eye. This led to fast innovation in other fields of biology, discoveries of different medicines, and disease treatments for example.

Argument 2:

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Object 1 - Kodak DCS 100

Object 2 - MBTI Test

While technology allows preservation and sharing, the MBTI test simplified personality labels that can misrepresent individual traits.

MBTI shapes how people understand themselves and others, influencing relationships and identity.

MBTI can help improve communication by identifying the differences in personalities, and encouraging mutual understanding in both school and workplace.

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3D printing allows people who work for art to further develop people's innovative thinking.

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FL Studio is a digital audio workstation developed by Image-Line for music production. It offers a user-friendly interface that allows musicians and producers to create, edit, and mix music.

How important are material tools in the production or acquisition of knowledge?

FL studio deeply connects with the question by FL studio serving as a material tool that enables users to learn music production. Its intuitive interface and features help both beginners and experienced producers develop their skills, illustrating how tools can enhance understanding and creativity.

FL Studio is also a tool that enables users to translate theoretical knowledge of music into practical application. For instance, with basic music theory knowledge, you are capable of creating a melody or chord on the piano roll in the FL studio.

From the above information, it is obvious that FL Studio is a material tool for the production of knowledge about music, helping producers and musicians to produce and create music for audiences.

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1.Write two to three arguments for each object (one should be counter argument ) and

Choose the questions from K and T framework that would connect to the arguments

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TOK Commentary example - How important are material tools in the production of knowledge 

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TOK Commentary example - How important are material tools in the production of knowledge 

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Cultural relic repair technique, four steps: wash, uncover, patch, and completion. (used in Beijing Museum.)

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The CBBS (Computer Bulletin Board System), developed by Ward Christensen and Randy Suess, members of the Chicago Area Computer Hobbyists' Exchange (CACHE) that officially went online on 16 February 1978.

How important are methods and tools for the production or acquisition of knowledge?

Theme: knowledge and technology

The CBBS system became the foundation for online forum pages, which acts as a prominent method of acquiring knowledge on the internet. In modern times, online forums such as 4chan provide users with uncensored, unedited, raw knowledge, which can be viewed globally around the world without restriction. Without the CBBS system, methods of acquiring knowledge would remain limited to online newspapers, of which contains information that has been reviewed countless times and often exists to serve an ulterior purpose other than sharing knowledge. The development of the CBBS as a tool is extremely important as it provides online users to produce and acquire knowledge without restriction, allowing the world's knowledge to become more on the same level

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The iPhone 16 is one of the newest phones today. Smartphones help people express their creativity through photography, videos, and music, anyone can create and share art easily anywhere they want. With smartphones more people can access art and learn about different styles, artists, and cultures.

AOK: the arts

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Computer

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Dot timer

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The TI-Nspire CX II graphing calculators are advanced educational tools designed to enhance the learning experience in mathematics and science

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Duolingo is an American educational technology company that produces learning apps and provides language certification. Duolingo offers courses in 43 languages.

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ChatGPT

November 30, 2022

AOK: Human science

ChatGPT is an AI tool that helps users learn and access information quickly. It provides instant answers, explanations, and personalized guidance on various topics, making learning more interactive and accessible.

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The thinker by Auguste Rodin, It can teach people about the muscle distribution of the human body, bone structure, and its contemplative state can also teach people to think about human beings. Rodin used precise engraving techniques to carve this work out of marble.

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Object 1: Fixed Back Auto Graflex (AOK: Arts)

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Object 1: Fixed Back Auto Graflex (AOK: Arts)

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This model was available in 3¼×4¼, 4x5 sizes, with a reworked film back to permit changing the film orientation from landscape to portrait and vice versa. It was available from 1908 until the 1930's. This model has a drop bed front standard, permitting the use of lens boards, and offers limited lens movements (Rise and fall). Later models of the Revolving Back Auto Graflex, have a distinct curved front on the camera body.

http://camera-wiki.org/wiki/Auto_Graflex

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MBTI Test

AOK: Human Science

https://www.16personalities.com/free-personality-test

The MBTI is a psychometric tool that categorizes individuals into 16 different personality types based on preferences in four areas: extroversion vs. introversion, sensing vs. intuition, thinking vs. feeling, and judging vs. perceiving.

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Digital learning platforms serve as comprehensive environments for delivering educational content and facilitating communication between students and educators

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Archie, considered the very first search engine for the internet, originally written in 1990 by Alan Emtage, then refined by a student ad McGill university

(Comparison of modern engines with AI research)

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3D Printing

Art

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FL studio (known as FruityLoops before 2003) is a digital audio workstation (DAW) developed by the Belgian company Image-Line

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The matrix - The Matrix 1s a 1999 science fiction action film written and directed by the Wachowskis.

AOK - Arts

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Dycam Model 1

(1990)

AOK: The Arts

The Dycam Model 1, released in 1990, was one of the first digital cameras available to the public. Later rebranded as the Logitech Fotoman, it was revolutionary for ditching film in favor of digital storage. It captured black-and-white photos with a 376 x 240 pixels resolution and could hold about 32 images in its internal memory.

Arguments

The Dycam Model 1, launched in 1990, replaced film with digital storage, holding up to 32 black-and-white photos. It lets users transfer images to a computer, a

Released in 1990, the Dycam Model 1 proved photography could go digital. It stored 32 low-resolution images and transferred them to computers. Though pricey and basic, it sparked a revolution, shaping how we capture moments today.

The Dycam Model 1, debuting in 1990, introduced film-free photography. It stored 32 black-and-white images and transferred them via a serial cable. Despite its limits, it laid the foundation for our current cameras and smartphones.

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fMRI Machine. Used in neuroscience and psychology to map brain activity. It measures changes in blood flow to detect which areas of the brain are active during specific tasks, emotions, or thought processes.

Specifically look into the purpose of it

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Virtual reality headset - Apple Vision Pro is Apple’s first 3D camera, June 5, 2023, made by Hon Hai Precision Industry.

AOK - Human sciences

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Garmin gps device, it is one of the early handheld GPS device released in 1996.

AOK: natural sciences

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Abacus is a form of manually operated computing aid. It originated in China and is an important invention in ancient China. Before the appearance of Arabic numerals, the abacus was a widely used calculating tool in the world

Argument

The use of the abacus has largely laid the foundation for people's recognition of numerical digit. Influenced the cognition and calculation of Arabic numerals in later generations.

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Vinten Model H 35mm intermediate film cinema believed to have been used in conjunction with Baird Television's system in Studio B at Alexandra Palace, London 1936.

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The Vinten Model H featured advanced engineering for its time, including a reliable movement and stability that allowed for smoother filming. This technical quality contributed to more professional-looking films.

Link:

https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co417431/vinten-model-h-35mm-film-cine-camera

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Math

Calculator can quickly and accurately perform complex arithmetic and algebraic operations, and the availability of these tools allows for quick and effective generation of mathematical knowledge.

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My own digital artwork

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a zhihu forum

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Kodak DCS 100, Released in 1991

Developed by Kodak in collaboration with Nikon in the

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How might technology exacerbate or mitigate unequal access, and divides in our access to knowledge

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How might technology exacerbate or mitigate unequal access, and divides in our access to knowledge

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Technology can both widen and bridge gaps in access to knowledge. On one hand, platforms like Twitter spread misinformation quickly, especially sensational falsehoods, which mislead people who lack media literacy. On the other hand, technology provides tools like free online courses, digital libraries, and fact-checking resources that make knowledge more accessible. Its impact ultimately depends on how we use it.

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The Vernier Dual-Range Force Sensor is a general-purpose sensor for detecting forces, and it is important to physics students who are trying to understand the concept through experimental data.

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The printing press, first invented by Johannes Gutenberg at around 1450, facilitated the spreading of knowledge and knowledge acquisition before the internet.

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The first biographic History Record, in AD 90 by Qian Sima.

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The first microscope invented, in 1600s by Zacharias Janssen

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How might technology exacerbate or mitigate unequal access and divides in our access to knowledge?

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How might technology exacerbate or mitigate unequal access and divides in our access to knowledge?

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From an ethical perspective, technology’s role in shaping access to knowledge raises important questions about fairness and responsibility. On one hand, it can promote equity by providing educational opportunities and resources to people who might otherwise be excluded. However, the spread of misinformation, as highlighted in the saying “Falsehood flies, whereas truth comes limping in,” challenges the ethical obligation to ensure that access to knowledge is not only widespread but also reliable. The rapid dissemination of falsehoods undermines trust and can harm individuals and societies, raising the ethical question of how to balance free expression with the need to protect truth.

Moreover, unequal access to technology and digital literacy creates a moral responsibility for societies to address these gaps. Marginalized groups often lack the tools or skills to engage fully with the knowledge economy, deepening existing inequalities. Ethically, this calls for action to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to access and critically evaluate information. Investments in education, infrastructure, and the regulation of harmful algorithms are essential steps to align technology with the ethical principles of fairness and justice, making knowledge accessible and truthful for all.

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Object 2: Dyson Supersonic First-generation Hairdryer Wide-tooth Comb Attachment

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Object 2: Dyson Supersonic First-generation Hairdryer Wide-tooth Comb Attachment

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The Dyson Supersonic hairdryer's wide-tooth comb attachment exemplifies how modern material tools are essential for knowledge acquisition in hair care and styling. This tool is vital because:

It enables practical learning of heat styling techniques while minimizing damage to different hair textures

It facilitates the understanding of proper hair sectioning and drying techniques

It allows for experiential learning of professional styling methods that cannot be mastered through theoretical instruction alone

The wide-tooth comb attachment serves as both a practical tool and a technological innovation, demonstrating how material tools can be instrumental in developing professional styling skills and understanding heat management in hair care.

Both objects demonstrate that certain types of knowledge can only be effectively produced and acquired through hands-on interaction with specific material tools. These tools not only facilitate learning but also shape the very nature of the knowledge being acquired, whether in professional medical practice or hair styling techniques.

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Object 1- Surgical Sutures (Natural Sciences)

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Object 1- Surgical Sutures (Natural Sciences)

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Surgical laparoscopic sutures represent a crucial material tool in the production and acquisition of medical knowledge. These tools are fundamental in teaching and learning surgical techniques, demonstrating how physical instruments directly facilitate the development of procedural knowledge. Medical students and surgeons must physically practice with sutures to:

Master different stitching patterns and techniques

Understand tissue handling and wound closure principles in laparoscopic surgery

Develop muscle memory and manual dexterity

Without these tangible tools, the acquisition of surgical knowledge would be purely theoretical, highlighting how material tools bridge the gap between conceptual understanding and practical application in medical education.

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How might technology exacerbate or mitigate unequal access, and divides in our access, to knowledge?

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How might technology exacerbate or mitigate unequal access, and divides in our access, to knowledge?

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Technology can worsen or improve unequal access to information.

One way technology worsens unequal access is through internet access. Technology can worsen access through the spread of misinformation. Technology, especially social media, can quickly spread false information. For example, someone might share incorrect news online. It can go viral before the truth comes out. If people do not have the skills to recognize reliable sources, they can easily be misled. This situation makes it hard for them to find accurate knowledge.

Technology also has ways to improve access to knowledge. One of those ways is access to resources. Technology makes it possible to share a lot of knowledge for free. Websites, online courses, and educational videos are available to anyone with internet access. This can help people learn new things. They can do this regardless of their background.

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On a surface level, technology seems like the perfect tool to mitigate unequal access to knowledge and divides in our success. With the ability to access thousands of resources with one device and an internet connection, technology feels prime to be a facilitator in success. The advent of more accurate artificial intelligence also bolsters the speed at which we can research and validate information. As mentioned in one of my previous responses, many people do not wish to deceive those around them by spreading misinformation. As a result, one does not need to be concerned that every single piece of information on the internet is wrong, and having access to them inherently bolsters access to knowledge and, in turn, success. Even if one is not using the internet, other pieces of technology are extremely helpful as well. As an example, modern day force sensors, along with their corresponding equipment, allow physicists to measure the magnitude of a force fairly accurately.

However, technology’s potential exacerbating of access to unequal knowledge is still noteworthy. For starters, two seemingly positive findings in the previous paragraph have existing flaws to them. Artificial intelligence, although it is a great tool to assist people, can be wrong at times. Artificial intelligence, or AI, draws its knowledge from existing information, meaning that common misconceptions that are spread around may end up influencing an AI’s output. Additionally, AI can be purposefully misleading. In a famous incident a few months prior, Google’s Gemini AI has been generating “culturally diverse” images of historical figures, such as the founding fathers of USA. Gemini generated images depicting a Black George Washington and an Indian Pope, among other anomalies, prompting people to question the validity of this ”inclusivity." Google has since then implemented a fix to Gemini to resolve this issue; however, the fact that this incident even happened shows that some AIs may be misleading to show “accurate and inclusive representations” of events even if they are not historically accurate. The second finding previously mentioned that is definitely harmful is how people do not wish to lie to those around them. Even though this is a beneficial finding, that doesn’t stop social media users to post misleading information solely because of their ignorance or arbitrary emotional attachment.

With the above being said, technology has an overall positive effect on mitigating unequal access to knowledge and, in turn, success. Even though certain flaws were listed in the second paragraph regarding technology, that doesn’t stop an intellectually smart person to navigate the internet safely. Additionally, as touched on in the first paragraph, technology is not limited to the internet; other pieces of technology exists that benefit knowers without having access to the internet. Even though certain sources of misleading information may exist on the internet, if one is cautious enough to validate the information they obtain in such settings, it can provide more benefit than detriment. The internet is also widespread, allowing those with otherwise poorer education to be on par with near everyone else. Overall, technology mitigates the unequal access to knowledge more than it exacerbates it. Although certain misleading pitfalls may cause people to not gain much, the existence of offline technology and proper navigation of the internet will grant a person much knowledge and put them on part with most others.

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Technology can both worsen and improve our access to knowledge.

On one hand, social media spreads false information faster than true information making it easier for false information to reach many people quickly. This can create large amount of confusion.

On the other hand, technology can help by promoting media information and teaching people how to identify reliable sources.

Additionally, social media platforms can improve their algorithms to highlight accurate information over false information. By doing so, technology can help ensure that everyone has better access to the real informations on the internet rather than the fake news.

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How might technology exacerbate or mitigate unequal access, and divides in our access, to knowledge?

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How might technology exacerbate or mitigate unequal access, and divides in our access, to knowledge?

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Technology both exacerbates and mitigates unequal access to knowledge.

Technology exacerbates unequal access to knowledge of the vast amount of information presented online, and places that suffer from poverty have trouble identifying reliable and helpful information out of a massive amount of information. The main reason is the freshness of using technology; with a limited amount of knowledge of the technology and the internet, the difficulty of identifying false information is arduous.

On the other hand, technology mitigates unequal access to knowledge by giving access to learning platforms that would educate them to get out of their current situation. By learning from the platforms, they would have a better understanding of the perspectives of people who they want to become and people who are considered more successful. Understanding the different perspectives, they are capable of escaping from their current situation to be in a higher class.

Furthermore, technology indeed does divide us into classes by people online who are not considering their own consequences of what they say, they separate people online into different classes where people's own identity is being defined by others, and some might consume the information and take it as a fact.

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The article reviews a significant study by MIT researchers on how true and false information spreads on Twitter. Key findings include that false information spreads much faster and farther than true information. It takes true stories about six times longer to reach 1,500 users and 20 times longer to get 10 retweets. While true stories often don't reach more than 1,000 people, the top 1% of false news can reach between 1,000 and 100,000 people.

The study suggests that combating misinformation should focus on actions like labeling false news and encouraging users not to share it, rather than just targeting bots.

Another report from MIT highlights that human users, not bots, are the main spreaders of misinformation. Even after excluding bots from the analysis, the difference in spread rates between true and false news persisted. The study examined about 126,000 news cascades, with political news being the most common.

These findings raise concerns about public discourse. While some researchers see the results as troubling, others are more hopeful, both agreeing on the need for more research and strategies to reduce misinformation.

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Last lesson you wrote a response - " Falsehood flies wheras truth comes on limping in" - using your resposne try to shape an answer to this question from the ethics section of the knowledge framework

How might technology exacerbate or mitigate unequal access, and divides in our access, to knowledge?

Technology has become a prominent method of obtaining knowledge about the world, from online news articles to tutorial videos, it has essentially overthrown traditional physical methods.

Due to this transition, algorithms have been developed to provide users with knowledge more efficiently. But due to the way algorithms are created, the more an algorithm is used, the more difficult it becomes to acquire new knowledge. This is because algorithms will purposefully collect data on an individuals habits and interests, and provide similar knowledge based on the analyzed data.

This will result in a user being provided only knowledge that align with their interests and biases, exacerbating the divides in different user's access to knowledge. A prime example is the spread of fake news on social media, if fake news posts have more engagement compared to the truth, the algorithm will recommend the fake posts to more users, as it can gain more engagement and traction. According to a study by MIT students, fake news spread on the social media platform Twitter eight times faster than real news. This shows how internet algorithms can exacerbate the divides in different user's access to knowledge due to the algorithm preferring trends rather than the truth, which can often lead to misinformation.

Although algorithms can sway the acquisition of knowledge, the development of the internet has brought the common knowledge of people around the world closer together than ever. This is because the development of a World Wide Web has allowed anyone to access everything available on the WWW, from anywhere. Due to this, users are able to share

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Falsehood flies and the truth comes limping after it

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Falsehood flies and the truth comes limping after it

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According to the experts, the reason lies spread so quickly is because they satisfy our need for novelty. Fake news has no limits in its ability to surprise and amuse, while true news is always pretty much the same, unless it must have truly happened. Because there are so many dishonest people on Twitter who intentionally want to mislead, misleading information is not disseminated there. Rather, it appears that the average person in the midst of the chain is solely responsible for determining the difference in the rate at which genuine and false rumors spread.

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Last lesson you wrote a response - " Falsehood flies wheras truth comes on limping in" - using your resposne try to shape an answer to this question from the ethics section of the knowledge framework

·      How might technology exacerbate or mitigate unequal access, and divides in our access, to knowledge?

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Refer managebac for summative for 19th Dec submission. Today's task is

You have seen the methods and tools of Kand T framework

go to the link that has research paper for this

Read though the links for the AOK that you chose to write your essay

Choose two objects that fit into your TOK exhibition commentary summative and paste them here by end of lesson

HW - keep writing the commentary for the two objects for draft for classroom discussion

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Knolwedge and Technology -Methods and tools - research paper 

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Knolwedge and Technology -Methods and tools - research paper 

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TECH-3 (research sheet) for knowledge production)

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Results of source

Speed of Spread: False news spreads more quickly than true news on Twitter. Specifically, false stories are retweeted more often than true stories and reach a larger audience much faster. For instance, it takes true stories about six times longer to reach 1,500 people compared to false stories.

Role of Human Behavior: The researchers concluded that the quick spread of false news is mainly driven by human users rather than automated bots.

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Falsehood flies, and the truth comes limping after it 

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Falsehood flies, and the truth comes limping after it 

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The MIT study explored how false news spreads on Twitter and found that it travels farther, faster, and reaches more people compared to true stories. Falsehoods were 10 to 20 times more likely to be retweeted and were "tweeted over 4.5 million times by about 3 million people". This pattern holds true across topics, from politics to science, and humans were the ones spreading this fake news, not the bots. Humans were the primary drivers behind this spread.

People are more likely to share surprising or unusual content, as it grabs their attention and provokes strong emotions. This ties to the factor of resonance: false news resonates because it often feels more shocking or impactful than the truth.

Adding more credibility.

This study highlights how emotional reactions often outweigh factual accuracy online. It pushes us to think critically about what we share and encourages platforms to find ways to slow the spread of misinformation.

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Results of the research:

Falsehoods spread so fast because they fulfill our desires for novelty, on the other hand, true news or the truth, takes longer to be accepted.  Real news, which must be based on actual events, often tends to be similar. On the other hand, fake stories can surprise and entertain us in endless ways. Scientists believe that "new and surprising information is not only interesting but also more valuable. It helps us make better decisions and gives social status to those who have special knowledge or unique insights."

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The article discusses a significant study conducted by researchers at MIT, and they analyze the spread of true and false information on Twitter. Some research findings are the speed of the spread of fake news and the distance spread. False information spreads faster than true information. The study found that it takes the truth about six times longer to reach 1500 users and 20 times longer to achieve a cascade depth of 10 retweets compared to falsehoods. At the same time, false news can reach a much larger audience. While true stories rarely diffused to more than 1000 people, the top 1% of false news reach between 1000 and 100000 people.

The finding suggests that efforts to combat misinformation should focus on behavioral interventions, such as labeling false information and incentivizing users to avoid sharing it, rather than targeting automated accounts.

The second article reports on a study by MIT scholars that investigates the spread of false news compared to true news on Twitter. Some findings are the human users as spreaders and categories of news. Contrary to the common belief that bots are primarily responsible for the spread of misinformation, the researchers found that human users are the main drivers. Even after removing bots from their analysis, the differences in spread rates between true and false news remained. Furthermore, The analysis covered approximately 126,000 news cascades, with political news being the most prevalent category.

The findings raise concerns about the implications for public discourse. While one researcher views the results as alarming, another maintains a more optimistic outlook. They agree on the necessity for further research and strategies to mitigate misinformation spread .

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Falsehood Flies, and the truth comes limping after it.

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Falsehood Flies, and the truth comes limping after it.

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According to the first resource, the result of the research is:

Falsehood diffused significantly farther, faster, deeper and more broadly than the truth in all categories of information.

Bots sped up the spread of all news, true and false, after being removed and added back in. “This suggests that false news spreads farther, faster, deeper and more broadly than the truth because humans, not robots, are more likely to spread it.”

Hypothesis for the first result:  The researchers speculate that falsehoods spread so fast because they fulfill our desire for novelty. This could be connect to the factor Resonance, the bigger the emotionally impactful the information is, people may be more willing to spread it to other person to share it.

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Result of source 1

False news spreads faster on Twitter because people find it more novel and entertaining. Fighting misinformation needs smarter sharing habits and better media literacy to help people spot reliable news.

Result of source 2

MIT researchers found that false news spreads faster and wider on Twitter than true news, driven by people sharing sensational or surprising content—not bots.

To fight misinformation, we need to focus on raising awareness and encouraging responsible sharing. The study also highlights the need for more research to better understand how information spreads and to create effective solutions.

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Falsehoods and false rumors spread much faster than the actual truth, since false rumors fulfill our desires for drama and novelty through being exciting, while the truth is more boring to the human mind, making it take longer to spread, since more people would rather want to be intrigued and stunned instead of being bored.

On social media, individuals spread false information at a higher rate compared to the truth.

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"Falsehood flies, and the truth comes limping after it.” 

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"Falsehood flies, and the truth comes limping after it.” 

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In today’s society, the two main reasons one would spread falsehood is either due to novelty or due to ignorance. Even though not many people purposefully wish to deceive those around them, the two aforementioned reasons play a major role in the rapid spread of information. Novelty originates from people’s interest in new information. Inherently, people pursue drama and new information, as life would be boring if nothing changes. For this reason, whenever news that is contracting, exciting, or otherwise interesting is viewed by them, they tend to share it to others, knowing that they would likely be as excited as them to view new information. As for ignorance, people may not inherently know the knowledge necessary to deduce if news is true or not. As such, they may unintentionally spread false news. The factor of novelty corresponds with resonance, as readers are more emotionally impacted by exciting or interesting news that they haven’t seen before. The factor of ignorance may originate from credibility, as the viewers believe what they are reading is credible when it may not be; therefore, they spread the news further.

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people like new news so that people will be interesting in the not real news. Twitter become the main place to get the news and the lies of government news is more than other news. People shouldn't share the not real news.

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“Moreover, the scholars found, the spread of false information is essentially not due to bots that are programmed to disseminate inaccurate stories. Instead, false news speeds faster around Twitter due to people retweeting inaccurate news items.”

“The novelty may drive the spread of falsity”

Because according to the human psychology: we like new things

About the emotion

“People respond to false news more with surprise and disgust,” he notes, whereas true stories produced replies more generally characterized by sadness, anticipation, and trust.

the bots will let the speed of spread of the misleading information faster, but it is people who choose the information

and it links to the Resonance(how emotionally impactful the rumor is) and the credibility(how in credible the rumor is )

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In the video, he said that oronavirus is cause because 5G, as we know, thats not true, that was a flasehood

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The person stated that 5G induced the coronavirus; however, he failed to provide much conclusive evidence in terms of why that is the case. His only logic was that coronavirus and 5G only appeared in Wuhan, which is definitely not enough evidence. As such, his claim was easily disproven by actual scientific evidence.