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The old law required the Northern States to return slaves to their southern owners.

The Northerners did not like this and believed it was immoral so they pretty much didn't ever go through with it

The new law forced northerners to return slaves because they were under threat of severe fines that could put the northerners into jail for a very long time, this made northerners less likely to help slaves

After this law the slaves had to flee to Canada rather than just the north

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Zipporah, Lauren, Caleb, Ben (Dred Scott Question #1)

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Zipporah, Lauren, Caleb, Ben (Dred Scott Question #1)

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The Dred Scott decision of March 6, 1857, was the peak of tension dealing with the issue of slavery in the United States. Slave owners of the south and supporters of slavery viewed this case as a significant model. The court ruled that he was still a slave, so he did not have the rights of a citizen to file suit in the United States.The Congress and the President had failed to resolve the issue. So the Supreme Court came to a verdict that Dred Scott would remain a slave. This was a decision that was only accepted in the Southern states.

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Theoretically, the compromise of slavery was simple. The delegates wanted to let the people of the territories themselves decide whether slavery would be permitted. The solution seemed perfect. However simple popular sovereignty seemed, it was difficult to put into practice. It was difficult for the people to vote.

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In the early 1850’s, settlers began to want to move into the area that is now known as Nebraska. The problem was that until the area became a territory, the settlers could not live there. And the southern states would not permit Nebraska to be a territory because it was in the location where slavery would be outlawed.

The person behind the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was Illinois Senator, Stephen A. Douglas. He proposed Kansas to be the southern state inclined to support slavery. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was able to allow each territory to decide the issue of territory, based on popular sovereignty. Since the state was already placed at the border of the area of Nebraska, the government made the argument that the people from Kansas would be the people who would want to move into that area and since Kansas was already a state that allowed slavery, Nebraska would be the same. But because of this argument which did lead to Nebraska becoming a territory and allowing slavery, territory to the North of the 36°30’ line was now open to popular sovereignty. Unfortunately, this did not work as planned, causing new ‘civil wars’ within new states over the issue of slavery.

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The Map depicts whether a state is free, a slave state, affected by the compromise of 1850 (open to slavery by popular sovereignty), or affected by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 (opened to slavery by popular sovereignty).
It also shows the Missouri Compromise line and Mason Dixon Line.

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The impact of the Dred Scott decision made the fate of the union look hopeless. The banning of slavery in any given territory would be a violation of the 5th amendment; this is because the slave owners thought of the slaves as property.  The 5th  amendment says; "nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law"

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The decision on the Dred Scott case overturned the Missouri Compromise because by the end of the case the court ended up believing that the court was unconstitutional. They reached this decision once they decided that Scott’s temporary stay in Illinois did not mean he was free when he got back to Missouri, they ruled that Scott was not even allowed to bring the suit forward because he was not a citizen, this led the Court to believe that Congress never had the right to prohibit slavery in any territory because it violated the fifth amendment (“nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.”). This is all what caused the court to overturn the Missouri Compromise.

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The map shows the new lands won in the Mexican-American War, the states that were allowed to have slaves, and those that weren't, and the two compromise states. It shows that the states established prior to the compromise were not affected.

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The Dred Scott Decision overturned the Missouri Compromise because the Supreme Court ruled that Congress never had the right to prohibit slavery in any territory because any ban would be a violation of the Fifth Amendment which states:

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

This prohibited denying property rights without due process of law.

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1) The southern delegates only wanted to focus on the issue of slavery, and the northern delegates were more conserned about the counries well being than just the issue of slavery. Both wanted the states to be able to choose if they were going to allow slaves or be a free state.

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The Southern defense in the Dred Scott case was that the federal congress did not have the ability to impose bans on slavery and therefore could not rule Dred Scott free despite him having lived in free states. Congress would fight this ruling, leading to them believing they could ban slavery. This was one of the Republicans' main arguments in their proposed ban on slavery.

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Dred Scott was the slave of army surgeon John Emerson. Scott had been in Minisota for several years before bring moved to Missouri. When Minisota was declared a free state in the Missouri compromise he sued for his freedom, saying that he had lived in a free state for a prolonged period of time.

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Clay wanted a nation saving deal. Calhoun thought that the compromises would betray the south. Northerners would have to agree to federal
protection of slavery for the south. Calhoun foreshadowed the very doom that
the union would come to within the decade.

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The Fugitive Slave Law required the Northern States to return runaway slaves to their owners. The Northern states did not approve of the Fugitive Slave Law, because they believed that the law was unfair and immoral. The New Fugitive State Law forces the Northerners to return the slaves or face: a fine, or jail time. The fine would be so big, the Northerner would have to go to jail because they could not pay the fine. After the New Fugitive Slave Law was passed, a slaves only option to become free, was to run all the way into Canada.

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Arrington, Sequoia, Anthony/ The Wilmot's Proviso and new Western Lands

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Arrington, Sequoia, Anthony/ The Wilmot's Proviso and new Western Lands

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David Wilmot was not opposed to slavery, but he introduced a legislation that stated "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist" in lands won in the
Mexican-American War. The legislation did not pass, but it did pass in the House (not the Senate.)

The new Western Lands were the lands won in the Mexican-American war, which became free states.

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Anthony, Arrington, Sequoia/The Slavery Issue in the West

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Anthony, Arrington, Sequoia/The Slavery Issue in the West

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The Missouri Compromise began in 1818. There were 22 states, and 11 were free states, while 11 were slave states. When Missouri became a state, the balance would shift. The compromise was a line created on the southern border of Missouri. To balance this out, Maine then entered the union as a Free State. Slavery was banned in any state above the border of Missouri, but allowed in all states south of the line. The line was called the 36°30′ line. This postponed disputes over whether new states would be free or enslaved for a while.

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The Kansas-Nebraska Act created the territories of Nebraska and Kansas but in the process destroyed the Missouri Compromise, leading to the idea of popular sovereignty. This would help lead to the Civil War.

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Sequoia, Anthony, Arrington/ Dred Scott v Sandford

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Sequoia, Anthony, Arrington/ Dred Scott v Sandford

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1) The US Constitution realized that the Missouri Compromise was invalid and went against the constitution, and therefore was invalid. This was because the fifth amendment prohibits denying property rights without going through the correct law procedures.

2) Like I said before, the court ruled the Missouri compromise as unconstitutional, because it violated the fifth amendment.

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To secede is to formally withdraw from an alliance, federation, or association. The southern states were threatening to succeed because they were worried that Lincoln would abolish slavery in the southern states which would have destroyed their economy and way of life.

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The Compromise of 1850 said that California would be admitted as a free state, slave trade was prohibited in Washington DC, and Texas would lose the boundary dispute with Mexico, all of which was good for the Northern states. But, there would be no slavery restrictions in Utah or New Mexico, slaveholding is permitted in Washington DC, Texas gets $10 million dollars, and the Fugitive Slave Law was supposed to be passed, all of which wasgood for the Southern states.

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-The border ruffians were people who threatend to shoot or hang anyone opposed to slavery.

-Congress decided to let the people of Kansas vote on wether slavery would be outlawed or not. there was a strong population of people that were pro slavery (this included the border ruffians). At this time a large population of anti slavery activist moved to kansas just to vote down the act.

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1) Slavery in the West: Sequoia, Anthony, Arrington, Austin
2) Sectionalism: Caleb, Zipporah, Lauren, Ben
3) New Compromise: Maya, Joey, Helen, Rachel
4) Violence: May, Theo, Cecilia, Will

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Ben,Caleb,Lauren,Zipporah/The Election Of 1848 And How Slavery Factored Into The Election

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Ben,Caleb,Lauren,Zipporah/The Election Of 1848 And How Slavery Factored Into The Election

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3) The issue of Slavery effected the election because of the ways that the parties were affected. Republican party was pro-abolishment and the democratic party split into to groups as a result of Slavery. The southern Democratic group wanted to only discuss the topic of Slavery and make sure that Slavery was not abolished. The Northern Democratic group wanted to focus less on the topic of Slavery
and focus more on the health of the nation. This affected the election because it meant that there were three groups that were running for President and thus there were three nominees. This effected the election because it meant that the Republican party was guaranteed a win.

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Senator Salmon P. Chase wrote an appeal to Democrats urging them to oppose. Some Democrats were appalled, although some northern Democrats joined Douglas. The Republican party was against this act because they opposed slavery.

The Kansas/Nebraska Law conflicted with the Missouri Compromise because it allowed slavery in territory north of the 36º 30' latitude (the territory defined as free by the Missouri Compromise). The Kansas/Nebraska Act stated that the issue of slavery would be decided by the residents of each territory (popular sovereignty).

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2) It overturned the Missouri compromise because the Supreme Court said that Dred Scott was not a citizen because he was black so he could not sue for his freedom. Also because the Supreme Court said not letting people have slaves is a violation of the Fifth Amendment.

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The Dred Scott Case
http://www.ushistory.org/us/32a.asp
1) What was the impact of the Dred Scott decision on America and the issue of slavery?
2) How did this decision overturn the Missouri Compromise?

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Mrs. G./The Crisis Turns Violent, An End to Compromise

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Mrs. G./The Crisis Turns Violent, An End to Compromise

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1) The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
http://www.ushistory.org/us/31a.asp
2) Why did a civil war break out in Kansas? Who were border ruffians? What was "Bleeding Kansas"?
http://www.ushistory.org/us/31b.asp
3) Who supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
4) Who opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act? How was this law in conflict with the Missouri Compromise, already in effect for 30 years?

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1) The Compromise of 1850 (see map below)
http://www.ushistory.org/us/30d.asp
2) How did the Balance of Power in the Senate change in 1850?
Henry Clay vs. John C. Calhoun
3) What does it mean to secede? Why were southern states threatening to do this?
4) What is the New Fugitive Slave Law? Why were northerners irate about this new law?

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Mrs. G./ Issues of Sectionalism in the 1840s

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Mrs. G./ Issues of Sectionalism in the 1840s

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1) Describe and compare Pro-slavery advocates, Abolitionists, and Moderates on the issues of slavery and states' rights.
2) Critical Thinking experiment: Was it possible for abolitionists to agree to any kind of compromise on the issue of slavery? Explain.
3) The Election of 1848:
3 candidates, how did the issue of slavery factor into this election?
http://www.ushistory.org/us/30b.asp

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1) What were the various views on slavery in the west?
2) What was the goal of the free soil party?
3) What was the purpose of the Missouri Compromise (or the Compromise of 1820)?
4) What were the results of the Compromise of 1850? How did this Compromise create new conflict over the slavery issue?
5) What is the significance of the following people:
Daniel Webster
Henry Clay
Stephen Douglas

John C. Calhoun
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Dred Scott

http://www.ushistory.org/us/30c.asp
6) What is the New Fugitive Slave Law? What is its significance?
7) How might the Kansas-Nebraska Act be considered a compromise on the issue of slavery? Explain.

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Issues of Slavery in the West:
1) The Missouri Compromise
(See map below; refer to http://www.socialstudieswithasmile.com/Missouricompromise.html
for more information).
2) The Wilmot Proviso and new Western Lands
http://www.ushistory.org/us/30a.asp
Also:
http://www.ushistory.org/us/30b.asp