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N. How does the human ear receive and detect sounds? Give a detailed explanation of the process.

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N. How does the human ear receive and detect sounds? Give a detailed explanation of the process.

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1. Sound waves enter the outer ear and migrate to the eardrum through to the ear canal, which is a narrow passageway.

2. The incoming sound waves vibrate the eardrum, which transmits the vibrations to three tiny bones in the middle ear. The malleus, incus, and stapes are the names of these three bones.

3. The bones in the middle ear intensify or raise, sound waves before sending them to the cochlea, an inner ear snail-shaped structure filled with fluid. The cochlea is divided into two parts by an elastic partition that extends from the beginning to the end. The basilar membrane is named for the fact that it acts as the foundation, or ground floor, for key hearing structures.

4. A moving wave forms along the basilar membrane as the waves cause the fluid within the cochlea to ripple. The wave is ridden by hair cells, which are sensory cells that rest on top of the basilar membrane. Higher-pitched noises, such as an infant screaming, are detected by hair cells at the large end of the snail-shaped cochlea. Lower-pitched noises, such as a large dog barking, are detected by those closest to the middle.

5. Microscopic hair-like projections (known as stereocilia) that perch on top of the hair cells bump into an overlying structure and bend as the hair cells travel up and down. The stereocilia's tips have pore-like channels that open up as they bend. Chemicals rush through the cells as a result, causing an electrical signal.

6. This electrical signal is carried by the auditory nerve to the brain, which transforms it into a sound that we can hear and understand.

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O. IDENTIFY AND DISCUSS SOUNDS' DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS

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O. IDENTIFY AND DISCUSS SOUNDS' DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS

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Pitch
- The pitch of a sound depends upon the frequency of the sound recorded by the human. A note has a higher pitch when the frequency is high and a note of low frequency has a low pitch. For example, when a small baby speaks something, his/her voice has a higher frequency so in the case of a baby the pitch is higher than the pitch of a man. The sound with a high frequency is called shrill.

Quality/Timbre
- It is a characteristic of sound that allows us to recognize the difference between sounds of similar loudness and pitch. The waveform of a sound is what determines its quality. It's enjoyable to listen to high-quality sound. The instruments are of different shapes and sizes, and they produce different loudness harmonics, so their sound can be distinguished easily.

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Time period of hour hand = 12 hour = 43200 s.

So frequency,

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The time period and frequency relation is given as

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M. What is the frequency of the second hand of a clock? The minute hand? The hour hand?

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M. What is the frequency of the second hand of a clock? The minute hand? The hour hand?

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The number of complete waveforms formed per second is the frequency (f) of a wave. The number of oscillations per second is the same as the number of repetitions per second.

The number of seconds per waveform, or the number of seconds per oscillation, is called the Time Period (T). The reciprocal relationship between frequency and time is obvious.

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Time period of minute hand = 1 hour = 3600 s.

So frequency,

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Here, T is the time period and f is the frequency.
Now time period for the second hand is = 1 min = 60 s.
So frequency,

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R. DISCUSS THE MEANING/PROCESS AND IMPORTANCE OF LASER APPLICATIONS.

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R. DISCUSS THE MEANING/PROCESS AND IMPORTANCE OF LASER APPLICATIONS.

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Discuss the meaning/process and importance of LASER applications.

- Process and different fields of LASER Applications.

https://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com/physics/laser/applicationsoflasers.html

- Importance of LASER Applications.

- Laser technology is very important in the modern world because it is used in many fields. Lasers are also used in DNA sequencing instruments, surgery hair removal products and skin treatments. The incredible uses of laser technology include: barcode scanners, laser printers, optical disk drives, cutting and welding materials, semi-conducting chip manufacturing, law enforcement devices, and free-space optical communication.

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Q. DIFFERENCIATE ACOUSTICS FROM OPTICS. PROVIDE THE AREAS OF THEIR STUDIES UDERLYING

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Q. DIFFERENCIATE ACOUSTICS FROM OPTICS. PROVIDE THE AREAS OF THEIR STUDIES UDERLYING

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- Acoustics are more connected to sound waves and mostly involved in what you called mechanical waves while optics deals with electromagnetic waves such as light.

- Acoustics is the science of the production, control, transmission, reception and effects of sound and the phenomenon of hearing. According to Science, sound waves can travel through other materials besides air. The speed of its travel depends on the density of the medium. Sound has characteristics that are separated into three: amplitude, loudness and intensity. Sound can be measured with a decibel scale. The highness or lowness of a sound which depends on frequency of sound waves is pitch. A study called Doppler Effect is a change in frequency and wavelength of a sound was produced by a source.

- Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. There are two models of light. A ray is a straight line segment weather arrow on one end Indicating the direction in which light is traveling. Properties that are explained using the Ray approximation for light fall under geometric or Ray optics. Properties that consider light as a wave are at the realm of physical or wave optics. Speed of light,  Rectilinear propagation of light, Illumination and the Inverse Square Law, Mirrors are few studies under Optics.

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P. WHAT ARE THE OTHER PURPOSES AND BENEFITS OF SOUNDS ASIDE FROM HEARING? DISCUSS.

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P. WHAT ARE THE OTHER PURPOSES AND BENEFITS OF SOUNDS ASIDE FROM HEARING? DISCUSS.

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1. ECHOLOCATION

- Animals like bats and dolphins use high-frequency sounds to see their surroundings, listen to the sound reverb from the environment, and create a mental picture of where they are. Nowadays, many blind people are learning to do the same thing as dolphins, by clicking on their tongues and listening to reverberations. There are already many teachers and instructors of the new method who show other blind people how to pick up the basics of echolocation and thus become more independent.

2. SONAR

- People use the principles of echolocation to locate objects underwater. During World War I, scientists developed instruments that used sound waves to locate enemy submarines. Instruments that use echolocation to locate objects are known as Sonar stands for sound navigation and ranging. The sonar machines could detect sounds coming from submarine propellers. Sonar devices could also send out ultrasound waves and then use the echoes to locate underwater objects. The information from the echoes could then be used to form an image on a screen. Later, people found many other uses for sonar. Fishing boats use sonar to find schools of fish. The oceanographers who study the ocean, use it to map the seafloor. People have even used sonar to find ancient sunken ships in deep water.

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 L. Create a Venn Diagram for the similarities and differences of Sounds and Light

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 L. Create a Venn Diagram for the similarities and differences of Sounds and Light

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E. PARTS AND EXAMPLES OF LONGITUDINAL WAVES

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E. PARTS AND EXAMPLES OF LONGITUDINAL WAVES

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Rarefaction - is the lowest density point on a medium through which a longitudinal wave is moving.

Compression - The highest density point on a medium through which a longitudinal wave is moving.

Wavelength - The length of one full wave cycle is the wavelength of a wave. If you trace your finger over the wave in the diagram above, you'll find that it follows the same path every time.

Example of Longitudinal Wave
- Earthquake (Seismic-P Wave) - Tsunami Waves
- Clapping and Stamping                 - Vibrating Mobile Phone when ringing
- Sound and Ultrasound Wave

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K. DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT REGIONS  OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM; THEIR PROPERTIES (WAVE LENGTHS & FREQUENCIES) AND FUNCTIONS (ENERGIES)/ APPLICATION

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K. DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT REGIONS  OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM; THEIR PROPERTIES (WAVE LENGTHS & FREQUENCIES) AND FUNCTIONS (ENERGIES)/ APPLICATION

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Microwaves (Wavelength ~ 10-3 to 10-1 meters)
- Microwaves are basically high recurrence radio waves and have wavelengths that range 1mm to 1m. Various wavelengths or groups of microwaves are utilized for various applications.
- Mid-wavelength microwaves can infiltrate murkiness, light downpour, and a day off, and smoke is gainful for satellite correspondence and examining the Earth from space. Radar technology sends beats of microwave energy and faculties the energy reflected back. Heating and data transmission.

Radio Waves ((Wavelength >10-1meters)
- Radio waves have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths going from around 1mm to a few hundred meters.
- Radio waves are utilized to communicate an assortment of information. Remote systems administration, TV and novice radio all utilization radio waves. The utilization of radio frequencies is typically directed by governments.
- It is used for communication.

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J. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION: DEFINITION, PROPERTY PRINCIPLE BEHIND AND PRACTICAL USAGE

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J. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION: DEFINITION, PROPERTY PRINCIPLE BEHIND AND PRACTICAL USAGE

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Definition
- Incident light that strikes a medium boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle relative to the surface and reflects. Only when the following two conditions are met will total internal reflection occur: The incidence angle is larger than the critical angle.
- Total reflection of a beam of light from the outer objects back onto a medium such as water or glass in physics. When the angle of incidence exceeds a certain limiting angle, known as the critical angle, the anomaly happens.
- The reflection of the entire volume of incident light at the border between two media is known as total internal reflection or TIR.

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I. WAVE PROPERTIES: BENEFITS AND APPLICATIONS

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I. WAVE PROPERTIES: BENEFITS AND APPLICATIONS

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Frequency
- The letters f, as well as the Greek letters nu (v) and omega (ω), are the most commonly used symbols for frequency. When describing electromagnetic waves including light, X-rays, and gamma rays, Nu is more often used.
- When a wave passes through a medium, the frequency of the wave refers to how often the particles of the medium vibrate.
- Progressive waves, or ones that move forward, have frequencies that signify how quickly they move forward in cycles per unit time.

Amplitude
- The amplitude (signal strength) of the carrier wave is varying in relation to that of the message signal, such as an audio signal, in amplitude modulation.
- For a transverse wave, the maximum displacement of some point on the string from its direction while the string is at rest is used to calculate the amplitude of a wave on a plucked string, for example.
- For a longitudinal wave, the maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium state, such as a sound wave, is used to calculate amplitude. The amplitude of a wave is said to be damped as it gradually reduces as its energy is lost..

Wavelength
- The frequency of a wave is directly proportional to its energy, but the wavelength is inversely proportional. That is to say, the higher the energy, the higher the frequency and shorter the wavelength. Short wavelengths are more energetic than long wavelengths due to the interaction between wavelength and frequency.
- Typically, the wavelength of transverse waves is determined from peak to crest or from trough to trough. It is measured from compression to compression or from rarefaction to rarefaction in longitudinal waves.

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Definition: Electromagnetic Waves are waves that require no material medium for their propagation. These waves propagate out in space due to the oscillation of electric and magnetic fields.

EXAMPLES:

Light Waves
- Light waves are forms of moving energy made of tiny microscopic particles called photons. Scientists usually refer to light waves as electromagnetic waves because they make up what is known as the electromagnetic spectrum.

Heat Waves
- Radio waves have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. They range from the length of a football to larger than our planet. Heinrich Hertz proved the existence of radio waves in the late 1880s.

X-Ray Waves
- X-rays are types of electromagnetic radiation probably most well-known for their ability to see through a person's skin and reveal images of the bones beneath it. Advances in technology have led to more powerful and focused X-ray beams as well as ever greater applications of these light waves, from imaging teensy biological cells and structural components of materials like cement to killing cancer cells.

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Water Waves - In fluid dynamics, dispersion of water waves generally refers to frequency dispersion, which means that waves of different wavelengths travel at different phase speeds.

Waves Sound - that results from the back and forth vibration of the particles of the medium through which the sound wave is moving

Seismic Waves - are waves of energy that travel through Earth's layers, and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large man-made explosions

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K. DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT REGIONS  OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM; THEIR PROPERTIES (WAVE LENGTHS & FREQUENCIES) AND FUNCTIONS (ENERGIES)/ APPLICATION

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K. DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT REGIONS  OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM; THEIR PROPERTIES (WAVE LENGTHS & FREQUENCIES) AND FUNCTIONS (ENERGIES)/ APPLICATION

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Regions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum (Properties & Functions)

Gamma Rays (Wavelength < 10-12 meters)
- have the briefest wavelength (< 0.01 nanometers ) and the most energy of any area of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- produces by the hottest object in the universe like neutron stars, pulsars, cosmic explosion blasts. And it can be created by nuclear explosions.
- most of the gamma rays are created in space are obstructed by the Earth's climate. This is something to be thankful for as gamma rays are naturally perilous.
- Nuclear Energy

X-Rays (Wavelength 10-8 to 10-12 meters)
- X-rays range in wavelength from 0.01 – 10 nm and are principally created by super-warmed gas from detonating stars and quasars. It is able to go through various sorts of materials.
- X-rays are generally utilized for clinical imaging and for reviewing freight and gear. Like gamma beams, the Earth's environment blocks x-rays radiation.
- The Medica instruments to view bone structure.

Ultraviolet (UV) (Wavelength 10-7 - 10-8 meters)
- Ultraviolet (UV) light has a wavelength of around 1 – 380 nm. Sun is the source of ultraviolet energy.
- The UV portion of the spectrum is partitioned into UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C. UV-C rays are the most destructive and are totally consumed by our climate. UV-B rays are hurtful rays that cause burn from the sun. In spite of the fact that UV waves are imperceptible to the natural eye, a few creepy crawlies, like honey bees, can see them.
- It is useful in the study of galaxies.