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Railroad worm (larva of beetle)

http://education.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/bioluminescence/

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How Bioluminescence works with luciferin and luciferase.

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How Bioluminescence works with luciferin and luciferase.

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1) Dinoflagellates have enzyme luciferase which is responsible for glowing.
2) Bioluminescence can be used as a defensive role.

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<< Vibrio fischeri and Hawaiian Bobtail squid jourmal

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<< Vibrio fischeri and Hawaiian Bobtail squid jourmal

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Many predators, such as sharks, hunt from below. They look above, where sunlight creates shadows beneath prey.

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Vibrio fischeri and Hawaiian Bobtail squid

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1) Defends against predators
A sperm whale, for instance, may seek out a habitat with large communities of bioluminescent plankton, which are not part of the whale's diet. As the plankton's predators (fish) approach the plankton, however, their glowing alerts the whale. The whale eats the fish. The plankton then turn out their lights.

2) Hunt prey
The angler fish has a dangling lure in which bioluminescent bacteria live. The lure hangs in front of its mouth; fish swim toward the light and may become food for the angler fish.

http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/FieldCourses00/PapersMarineEcologyArticles/WhatsGlowingInTheWaterBioA.html

3) Communication
Luminescent bacteria produce and secrete small extracellular molecules, called autoinducers. These bacteria also have a receptor that can specifically detect the autoinducers. When the autoinducer binds to the receptor, it activates transcription of certain genes, including genes for light production.
Example : Vibrio fischeri

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC228483/

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Vibrio fischeri and Hawaiian Bobtail squid journal

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Vibrio fischeri and Hawaiian Bobtail squid journal

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1.  Vibrio fischeri have bioluminescence properties that control by a set of gene known as lux operon.

2. The bacteria produce blue-green light at 490nm,

3 . Have symbiotic relationship with hawaiian bobtail squid
( Eupryma scolopes)
4. Vibrio fisheri protect squid from predators while the squid offer shelther and stable source of
nutrients to the bacteria.

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The role of bioluminescence in Photorhabdus luminescens is not well known. It might be used to warn other insects or mammals or to work as lure to attract insects for nematodes in which they live. The most important function of this microbe is the symbiotic relationship with soil entomopathogenic nematodes
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Photorhabdus_luminescens

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Bioluminescent bacteria are any light-producing bacteria, present mostly in sea water, marine sediments, surface of decomposing fish and in gut of marine animals. These bacteria may live free (example, Vibrio harveyi) or in symbiosis (example, Vibrio fischeri) with animals such as the Hawaiian Bobtail squid or terrestrial nematodes (example, Photorhabdus luminescens).

The symbiotic relationship between Vibrio fischeri and Hawaiian Bobtail squid
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Vibrio_fischeri

http://biologybizarre.blogspot.my/2014/03/a-beautiful-relationship-hawaiian.html

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Dinoflagellates have enzyme luciferase which is responsible for glowing.

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Many small planktonic surface dwellers —such as single-celled dinoflagellates—are bioluminescent. When conditions are right, dinoflagellates bloom in dense layers at the surface of the water, causing the ocean to take on a reddish-brown color in daylight and a sparkly sheen as they move in the waves at night. When the dinoflagellates are poisonous to other animals, these events are called harmful algal blooms.

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- requires two unique chemicals: luciferin and either luciferase or photoprotein
-  Luciferin is the compound that actually produces light. In a chemical reaction, luciferin is called the substrate
- Luciferase is an enzyme. The interaction of the luciferase with oxidized (oxygen-added) luciferin creates a byproduct, called oxyluciferin. More importantly, the chemical reaction creates light.
- Some reactions, however, do not involve an enzyme (luciferase). These reactions involve a chemical called a photoprotein. Photoproteins combine with luciferins and oxygen, but need another agent, often an ion of the element calcium, to produce light.
-Different arrangement of luciferin molecules produce different bioluminescent colour.

Example:

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- A primarily marine phenomenon, the deep ocean
- Bioluminescence is found in many marine organisms: bacteria, algae, jellyfish, worms, crustaceans, seastars, fish, and sharks to name just a few. In some cases, animals take in bacteria or other bioluminescent creatures to gain the ability to light up.

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Bioluminescence is simply light produced by a chemical reaction which originates in an organism.