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Deoxyribonucleic acid, also known by the acronym DNA, is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and operation of all living organisms and some viruses; also responsible for hereditary transmission

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DNA was first observed by a German biochemist named Frederich Miescher in 1869. However, for many years, researchers did not realize the importance of this molecule. It wasn't until 1953 that James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin discovered the structure of DNA, a double helix, and realized that it could contain biological information. Watson, Crick and Wilkins received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1962 for their discoveries about the molecular structure of nucleic acids and their importance for the transfer of information in living matter.

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DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a nitrogen base. The four types of nitrogen bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). The order of these bases is what determines the instructions of the DNA or genetic code. Similar to the way the order of the letters in the alphabet can be used to form a word, the order of nitrogenous bases in a DNA sequence forms genes, which in cell language indicates how to make proteins. Another type of nucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, or RNA, translates genetic information from DNA into protein.

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include the storage of information (genes and genome), the coding of proteins (transcription and translation) and their self-duplication (DNA replication) to ensure the transmission of information to daughter cells during cell division.

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Genes and Genome

DNA can be considered as a warehouse whose content is the information (message) necessary to build and sustain the organism in which it resides, which is transmitted from generation to generation. The set of information that fulfills this function in a given organism is called the genome, and the DNA that constitutes it is genomic DNA.

Genomic DNA (which is organized into chromatin molecules that in turn assemble into chromosomes) is found in the cell nucleus of eukaryotes, in addition to small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, DNA is found in an irregularly shaped body called a nucleoid

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°Although some consider that genes make up the majority of DNA, the truth is that this is not the case.
°Genes make up just 3% of deoxyribonucleic acid.
°If we put all the deoxyribonucleic acid chains of the cells that make up our organism in a row, the length would be such that it could connect the Moon and Earth nothing more and nothing less than 6,000 times.
°After several million years of evolution, human beings today are 98.8% identical to chimpanzees. Therefore, from a genetic point of view, we only differ in 1.2% of these animals.

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RNA structure. Ribonucleic acid is a linear, unbranched heteropolymer of ribonucleotides, each of which consists of a nitrogenous base (which may be adenine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil), a ribose molecule, and a phosphate group.

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Acronym for ribonucleic acid, nucleic acid that participates in the synthesis of proteins and performs the messenger function of genetic information.

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The discovery of RNA began with the discovery of nucleic acids by Friedrich Miescher in 1868 who called it "material nuclein" since it was found in the nucleus.

RNA discovery can be described chronologically as follows;

Between 1890 and 1950
RNA was found to be distinctly different from DNA. This was noted for its sensitivity to alkaline caused by an additional Oh-group on ribose
Nucleic acids were isolated from various organisms
ATP and GTP were proposed to be the source of general cell energy and the building blocks for RNA.
Chemical analysis revealed that RNA shares three bases with DNA: adenine, cytosine, and guanine. Uracil as the sole base to RNA was discovered in place of thymine in DNA.
It was in 1939 that the role of RNA in protein synthesis was discovered.

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The functions of RNA can be better understood through the description of the different types that exist. Among the best known are:

MRNA or messenger RNA, which transmits the coding information of the DNA serving as a guideline for protein synthesis.
TRNA or transfer RNA, which carries amino acids for protein synthesis.
RRNA or ribosomal RNA that, as its name suggests, is located in ribosomes and helps to read mRNAs and catalyze protein synthesis.