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This link shows a step by step on a mock trial done by college students

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to see Opening Proceedings to see Arraignment and Plea to see Opening Statements to see Swearing in a Witness to see Examining a Witness to see Direct Examination to see Cross Examination to see Re-examination to see Introduction of Evidence to see Objections to see Police Officer Testimony to see Defence Calling Evidence to see ...

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The defence of the wrongly convicted | James Lockyer

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The defence of the wrongly convicted | James Lockyer

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This 20 minute video tells the story of James Lockyer's experience on wrongfull conviction

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The defence of the wrongly convicted | James Lockyer | TEDxIB@York

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restorative justice is a new form of punishment that is avoiding jail time and leaning towards rehabilitation for youth

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Restorative justice

Restorative justice focuses on repairing the harm caused by crime, while holding offenders responsible for their actions. A restorative approach is being used in different criminal justice cases across Canada. When effectively used, restorative justice can lead to better outcomes for victims and offenders and reduce the number of cases that go to trial.

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Restorative justice focuses on repairing the harm caused by crime, while holding offenders responsible for their actions. A restorative approach is being used in different criminal justice cases across Canada. When effectively used, restorative justice can lead to better outcomes for victims and offenders and reduce the number of cases that go to trial.

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Flood of COVID-19-related lawsuits expected to hit courts

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Flood of COVID-19-related lawsuits expected to hit courts

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Toronto restaurateur Hemant Bhagwani says he was hit hard by the government-imposed restrictions placed on his businesses because of the coronavirus pandemic, but he assumed his insurance company would cover the losses.

But Bhagwani, who says he has paid over $5 million in insurance premiums across his various restaurants, including for business interruption coverage, now says Allianz Global Risks is denying his claims.

"They went back and forth with us and said this is not covered. We don't cover a pandemic."

So he is suing. According to the statement of claim, the insurance company has "breached the policies."

"This is not fair. I feel for 18 years I have paid insurance. I've never defaulted," Bhagwani said. "I think they need to come up and ... cover us right now."

Allianz Global Risks, which did not reply to inquiries from CBC News, is just one of a number of insurance companies facing lawsuits from angry clients who are being denied COVID-19-related claims. And the insurance industry is just one of a number of entities targeted by legal action emanating from the pandemic.

Legal experts say to expect a slew of lawsuits to be filed in the coming months.

"Will there be a big bubble? Yes, absolutely," said Erik Knutsen, a Queen's University law professor and co-author of Canadian Tort Law and The Civil Litigation Process.

" Is that a bad thing? No, because that's how we sort these things out. That's the mechanism. Do I expect there will be a large explosion of COVID-19 related litigation? 100 per cent."

'Flood of litigation'

Jasminka Kalajdzic, an associate law professor at the University of Windsor and director of the Class Action Clinic, agreed that there will likely be a "flood of litigation.

"Any time there is mass harm, lots of people suffering financially, physically, they're looking to hold people accountable, entities accountable," she said.

"Whether any of these, most of these, cases are going to be successful is a big question."

According to research conducted by the law firm DLA Piper, there were just under 700 COVID-19 related individual legal actions and 176 ‎class actions filed in the U.S. as of April 28.

In Canada, a total of 17 COVID-19-related class actions were filed across Canada with many more under investigation as of the same date. There have also ‎been a number of high profile, non-class action claims commenced, the law firm said.

Because Canadian class action plaintiff lawyers closely monitor U.S. court filings, the law firm said it anticipates a "host of 'copycat' class proceedings in Canada."

In the U.S.:

Nursing homes, where the virus has been most deadly, are expected to be hit by an onslaught of litigation.

Companies including Amazon and Costco are facing lawsuits, accused of price gouging.

Insurance companies are being taken to court for denying claims.

Airlines are being sued for not refunding tickets.

Cruise lines are being sued for negligence in their response to the COVID-19 outbreak.

Schools are facing lawsuits from students who are demanding partial refunds on tuition and campus fees, arguing they're not getting the calibre of education they were promised.

Canada may follow similar path

Experts say Canada may follow a similar path and in a few cases already has.

For instance, a $50-million class action lawsuit has been launched against Revera Retirement Living on behalf of the families of COVID-19 victims at the company's long-term care facilities in Ontario.

Also, a Regina-based law firm has issued a national class action against indemnity insurers in Canada that are not paying business owners for losses accumulated due to the pandemic.

And class action lawsuits are being launched against Canadian airlines by passengers seeking full refunds for flights cancelled during the pandemic.

Reasonableness defence

For many of these cases, Knutsen said that the defendants will have to prove that their actions were "reasonable" in the circumstances.

"What you have to do is basically look around and say, 'What did similar industries do at the time or what have they ought to have been doing at the time based on the knowledge at that time?'

"The main defence for reasonableness is you don't have to be perfect."

As well, courts expect individuals to have acted as a reasonable person would in an emergency, he said.

If it's a case of negligence, like those pertaining to nursing homes or cruise lines, the defence will likely be that none of it was foreseeable, that they couldn't predict or prevent all infections and that they complied with government regulations, Kalajdzic said.

Force majeure

But even though places like nursing homes may have met the minimum standards set out by the government, that doesn't mean they met the negligence standard, Knutsen said.

Even if a statute of standards has been passed by the government, those standards may not meet the reasonableness test, he said.

"You may have to do more. The catch is it has to be obvious to a layperson, not a lawyer, a non-expert, that the standard itself was deficient."

As for insurance companies, Kalajdzic said they will likely employ the force majeure defence, also known as "an act of God," arguing they are not bound to cover the claims of their clients because of an unusual event that could not have been predicted or prevented.

For business interruption coverage claims, insurers could also argue that the coverage is intended in the event of a business suffering direct physical loss or damage to the property, Knutsen said.

"Theargument from the insurers, I expect [will be], you didn't suffer a direct physical loss or damage in some fire."

Pressure for lawmakers to immunize companies

However, in the U.S., at least, there's already a lot of pressure on governments to pass statutes that immunize various companies against liability, Kalajdzic said.

Nursing homes are pushing back against potential lawsuits with a lobbying effort to get states to grant them emergency protection from claims of inadequate care.

"There may be a solid case in law, but if the government passes a statute that provides statutory protection against liability, then there's very little litigants can do," Kalajdzic said.

And there's precedent, she said. In the wake of 9/11, Congress passed a statute that immunized airlines from any civil liability.

"I think industries that are reeling, like airlines, like cruise ships, like service industry, health-care facilities, they're probably going to be looking to the government for protection," she said.

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Flood of COVID-19-related lawsuits expected to hit courts | CBC News

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Toronto restaurateur Hemant Bhagwani says he was hit hard by the government-imposed restrictions placed on his businesses because of the coronavirus pandemic, but he assumed his insurance company would cover the losses.