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Take prior knowledge and then build on it (social construct) 

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Take prior knowledge and then build on it (social construct) 

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Creating meaning by building upon our existing knowledge and experiences through collaboration and interaction

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Transferring knowledge to new concepts or scenarios. Not just recalling information, but using it.

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Applying skills- Roger and Kolb
Previous knowledge /skills

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Using logic to work through a task/problem, drawing on similar experience to aid problems.

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The Visual-Auditory-Kinesthetic (VAK) learning styles model provides a simple way to explain and understand learning styles. The VAK learning Style uses the three main sensory receivers (Vision, Auditory, and Kinesthetic) to determine a person's dominate or preferred learning style.

No-one has exclusively one single style or preference. Learners use all three methods to receive information. However, one or more of these receiving styles is normally dominant. This preferred style defines the best way for a person to learn new information by determining what is to be learned.

This style may not always to be the same for some tasks. According to the VAK model, most people possess a dominant or preferred learning style. However, some people have a mixed and evenly balanced blend of the three styles. Additionally, a learner may prefer one style of learning for one task, and a combination of others for another task.

Visual learning style involves the use of seen or observed things, including pictures, diagrams, demonstrations, displays, handouts, films, flip-chart, etc.

Auditory learning style involves the transfer of information through listening: to the spoken word, of self or others, of sounds and noises.

Kinesthetic learning involves physical experience - touching, feeling, holding, doing, practical hands-on experiences.

AUDITORY - (learn by listening)

Learn from spoken instruction

Written information has little meaning until it has been heard

Write lightly and it is not always legible

Talk while they write

Remember names and forget faces

Distracted by noise

Remember by listening, especially with music

May be good speakers, and specialize in law or politics

VISUAL - (learn by seeing and writing)

Relate most effectively to written information, notes, diagrams, and pictures.

Can be verbal (sees words) or pictorial (sees pictures)

Remembers faces but not names

Think in pictures, uses color

Facial expression show their emotions

May be good writers, journalists, graphic design

KINESTHETIC- (Learn by doing)

Learn through touch and movement in space

Remember what was done, not seen or talked about

Gets physically involved

Enjoy playing games

Additional Learning Styles
4MAT Learning Style Model Gregorc mind styles model Kolb Learning Style Model VAK Learning Preference Honey Mumford Learning Style Felder-Silverman Learning Style Herrmann's Brain Dominance HBDI Left-brain and Right-brain Preferences Myers-Briggs Type Indicator MBTI

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VAK learning Style uses the three main sensory receivers (Vision, Auditory, and Kinesthetic) to determine a person's dominate or preferred learning style

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Watching and mirroring behaviours/tasks.

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Canadian/American psychologist, Albert Bandura, was one of the first psychologists to recognize the phenomenon of observational learning. His theory, Social Learning Theory, stresses the importance of observation and modeling of behaviors, attitudes and emotional reactions of others.

He found that, as social animals, humans naturally gravitate toward observational learning. Children watch their family members and mimic their behaviors. Even infants, at just 3-weeks old, start imitating mouth movements and facial expressions of adults around them.

According to Bandura's research, there are four processes that influence observational learning:

Let's take a look at each in more depth:

1. Attention

To learn, an observer must pay attention to something in the environment. They must notice the model and the behavior occurring. Attention levels can vary based on the characteristics of the model and environment - including the model's degree of likeness, or the observer's current mood.

In humans, it is likely the observer will pay attention to behaviors of models that are high-status, talented, intelligent, or similar to the observer in any way.
For example, if you want to become a VP at your company, it makes sense that you'd observe the current VP's (or other renowned VP's in your industry) and try to mimic their behavior.
2. Retention

Simple attention is not enough to learn a new behavior. An observer must also retain, or remember, the behavior at a later time.

To increase chances of retention, the observer must structure the information in an easy-to-remember format. Maybe they use a mnemonic device. Or form a daily learning habit.

The behavior must be easily remembered so the action can be performed with little or no effort.
Using our VP example above, let's say the current VP is giving a company-wide presentation. You notice that they are calm, confident, engaging, and use eye contact. You make a list of these attributes and remember them for the next time you give a presentation.
3. Reproduction

The behavior is remembered. But can it be performed in real-life?

Reproduction is the process where the observer must be able to physically perform the behavior in the real-world. Easier said than done.

Often, producing a new behavior requires hours of practice to obtain the skills. You can't just watch your VP give a brilliant company-wide presentation, then use only the observed tactics in your own presentation 20-minutes later. Those skills take years to craft and perfect.
Using our VP example again, you've observed and identified four skills that the current VP uses during presentations. To be able to perform these skills yourself, you need to deliberately practice these skills. Maybe you hold small team meetings to test your skills. Or you ask team members for feedback on your presenting skills. In a few months, you will have sharpened your presenting skills and may be ready to produce a behavior similar to the current VP.
4. Motivation

All learning requires some degree of personal motivation. For observational learning, the observer must be motivated to produce the desired behavior.

Sometimes this motivation is intrinsic to the observer. Other times, motivation can come in the form of external reinforcement - rewards and punishments.
Using our VP example again, the motivation is intrinsic. You understand that the path to becoming a VP at your company requires a certain skill set.

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What is Observational Learning? - Water Bear Learning

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Canadian/American psychologist, Albert Bandura, was one of the first psychologists to recognize the phenomenon of observational learning. His theory, Social Learning Theory, stresses the importance of observation and modeling of behaviors, attitudes and emotional reactions of others. He found that, as social animals, humans naturally gravitate toward observational learning.

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Learning through through doing, trailing and making 

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Learning through through doing, trailing and making 

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Constructionism Theory

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(PDF) Constructionism: Theory of Learning or Theory of Design?

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PDF | Constructionism has established itself as an epistemological paradigm, a learning theory and a design framework, harnessing digital technologies... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate

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By learning from and applying real life experiences to how we act/manage/do things in the future

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By absorbing information in small manageable steps - Roshines Principles of Instruction 

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By absorbing information in small manageable steps - Roshines Principles of Instruction 

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Working with /feeding off/in collaboration with/observing others (either like-minded or opposing views) - Social Learning Theory  

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Working with /feeding off/in collaboration with/observing others (either like-minded or opposing views) - Social Learning Theory  

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Working Memory Underpins Cognitive Development

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Working Memory Underpins Cognitive Development

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Working memory is the small amount of information that can be held in mind and used in the execution of cognitive tasks

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By thinking about what is being taught you are more likely to remember it. Memory is the residue of thought - Willingham

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By getting things right or wrong. E.g. if appropriate behaviour is rewarded and inappropriate behaviour is challenged (behaviourism)

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By getting things right or wrong. E.g. if appropriate behaviour is rewarded and inappropriate behaviour is challenged (behaviourism)

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Through a range of learning approaches, such as discussions and demonstrations. Adding context and attaching meaning supports understanding.

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Through a range of learning approaches, such as discussions and demonstrations. Adding context and attaching meaning supports understanding.

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Working collaboratively to share ideas, thoughts and experiences (social constructivist theory)

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Working collaboratively to share ideas, thoughts and experiences (social constructivist theory)

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Vygotsky- Learning is developed through social interaction (Zone of Proximal Development) with More Knowledgable Others (MKOs).

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Vygotsky- Learning is developed through social interaction (Zone of Proximal Development) with More Knowledgable Others (MKOs).

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Learners need to be motivated in order to learn e.g. Vroom's Expectancy Theory.

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Making connections through effective sequencing of information

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Making connections through effective sequencing of information

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Transferring information from short term to long term memory

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Transferring information from short term to long term memory

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By observing others (social learning theory)

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By observing others (social learning theory)