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-Each brain takes in information differently through different sense, so the teacher should plan a the content in a manner where various senses are stimulated
-Give breaks for long sessions. This includes physical breaks and refreshments where the learners get to move around. The brain needs time to break down and process the information
-Have a positive classroom culture where positive emotions are maintained as emotions affect learning.

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From the Sarpani excerpt, I learnt that the brain is always active and engaged and an effective teacher ought to incorporate different activities in the lesson to engage the brain through the different senses of sight/smell/touch etc. As learning is also affected by emotions, effective teachers should also be engaging through the use of humour, be enthusiastic and motivated when teaching or giving instructions to their students.

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Since each brain takes in information differently, it is the responsibility of a teacher to present a variety of stimulus so that the student can learn new information during lessons.

The idea that emotions affect learning was a new concept for me, and I resonate with it that when teachers present learners' material in a motivating and engaging manner, it demonstrates our passion for the subject. Therefore, also impacting the way students view and acquire the lesson concepts.

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How learning should be arranged:
- provide a variety of instruction so that different brains have a chance to receive information
- employ experience that awaken students’ positive emotions (teacher can translate his/her passion in delivery, other modes of motivating /inspiring /fueling students’ enthusiasm in a topic —> higher levels of students’ investment, retention of learning, beliefs about subject and learning)

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- The brain takes in information through the senses (sight, smell, touch, taste, sound) and translates that information into a response.
- responsibility of the teacher to have enough variety in the
- learning is affected by emotions
- give breaks, use body movements to learn, allow them to walk around during breaks

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- As each brain is unique, it becomes the responsibility of the teacher to have enough variety in the lesson so that during instruction, each “brain” has sufficient opportunity to learn the material being presented.
- For effective teaching and learning to take place, teachers can give short breaks and allow for some physical movement during classes.
- Learning is also affected by emotions. We can ride on this and engage our students more deliberately in a positive manner to increase their enthusiasm and motivation in learning.

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- Give brain breaks for a long lesson (1hr) - e.g. Giving a water break, riddles, mini games
- Have a variety of teaching pedagogies - so that when there is a need to re-teach, the teacher is ready to pull out another method. Teacher could prepare another method in mind (if not on paper), just in case.
- To include varieties of activities in the classroom. Start with a fun tuning in, followed by frontal teaching. Students could then have small discussions in pairs, followed by class discussion using talk moves and finally on individual learning
- ask more text-to-self questions, so students can relate to themselves in a positive manner and thus it will be motivated to learn and retain.
- teachers should over prepare and not under prepare - eg. for HP students who have finished their work fast, teachers should find ways to engage them and extend their learning, while teacher scaffold more for the LP. Also, teacher can empower HP and/or MP students to guide the LP students.

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Different students learn differently, some take in information better through sight, some through sound (visual and auditory, etc). Thus, it is important that we vary our lessons so that each student has the opportunity to learn effectively. Moreover, instead of always insisting that students stay quiet in their seats, certain activities can be conducted to allow movement so that they do not stay restless through the lesson.

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1. Teachers' approach to teaching should account for learners' profile - understand that each brain is unique and how the teacher processes information =/= how the student does. Therefore, variety in lesson is important
2. Maintain positive emotions in the classroom during learning process. This can be achieved when teachers' passion comes through during the lesson. Refrain from humiliating/degrading studnets.

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Different student has different learning styles, but a teacher’s instruction does not have to be confined to only 1 particular style or for 1 particular student.

Rather, be sensible and expose the students to all different stimulus so that their brain gets ready for the future and become flexible to all forms of learning and not stuck to only 1 preferred mode.

This means that constantly changing the mode, and constantly changing pace and giving breaks appropriately helps to make the brain adaptable to changes and be more ready for the future.

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Brains work very differently for different people. As such, whatever that makes sense to us does not mean that it will make sense to our students. Their brains will choose to make sense of what we teach in a different way. Hence, we should always check for understanding. If we realise that this method doesn't work, find out why and how did our students interpret it as. After which, we can cater better to our students' learning needs.

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Our Brain takes in information through different senses which translates them into a response which might be appropriate or inappropriate. The teacher has the responsibility to carry out differentiates instruction so that students in the class will have an opportunity to learn. We should also revitalise the class by allowing for movements or a short break during longer lessons. It is also important to resonate with our learners in a positive manner. When students are excited or fascinated during lessons, they will be more motivated to learn which allows learning to take place effectively.

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What is challenging about teaching is that we have to make learning make sense to students. As the brain takes in information through the  different senses and translates that information into a response, we have to take into account that different people have different sensitivity level of the 5 senses. Therefore, it becomes the responsibility of the teacher to have varied ways of academic teaching. Allowing for refreshments is a good idea, which I will try it out in my own classroom teaching.

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Teachers need to understand that learning is acquired differently among our students. In order to ensure successful engagement and learning, teachers could use a wide variety of instructional strategies and pedagogies. Additionally, we should give breaks to our students and give them space and time to move around and refresh themselves. Lastly, we should teach passionately so that our learners learn in a positive environment

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The brain takes in information through our five senses, then translates this into a response.
Our classrooms should be "brain-based", so that what we are teaching our students stimulates their brains, in a way which is understandable and relatable to them.
It is helpful for teachers to give their students opportunities to move around in class, to keep them alert and focused.

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- How the students receive the information is different thus it is important to give time for them to absorb then give some breaks such as stretching or drinking water. This would help in re-energising and for them to be ready to apply or build on the concepts that they have just learnt.
- How a teacher exudes the energy and passion also affects how the student learn. This affects their emotions and attitude towards learning.

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We need to acknowledge that every child's brains is unique in the way it processes and assimilates information. Even within a HA/MA/LA class, there may lie a spectrum of learning needs , we can not assume that they can all learn at the same space. Therefore the need of differentiated instructions is important to ensure all their learning needs are fulfilled. I agree with the fact that refreshments are required for long lessons,  it has helped me focus more during my early PP lessons too.

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- As the brain constructs information from the environment in the way that makes sense to that brain, students can only learn if they possess the experience and the prior knowledge that is required for interpreting what is taught in class
- Students may interpret the same information given by the teacher in a different way, depending on their familiarity with the content brought up
- Giving students the ability to have physical breaks helps them to have a quick brain break, allowing the brain to organise and consolidate the information delivered

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Learning that makes use of brain research should take into account of different learning styles of students so there will not be a mismatch of lesson delivery by teacher and lesson absorption by students. Also the article by Sparapani (2013) highlights that there is a need for teachers to incorporate physical movements and refreshments in order to sustain attention of students. Things like snack breaks can be utilised and arranged during the learning process.

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Understanding the brain, it takes in information through the 5 senses and then translates this information into a response. Applying this to teaching and learning, our teaching should cater to our student's brains rather than our brains, activating the senses that they can relate better to and engage better in. There should be enough variety given during lessons. Furthermore, "brain-breaks" should be introduced during lesson, allowing time to get students to drink water, move about physically and to re-charge ultimately.
We must also take into consideration the emotions of our children as we teach them as any form of negative emotions generated through our speech and mannerisms would influence their learning negatively.

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- the way a student interpretes the teacher's instructions may differ from the teacher's understanding.
- There must be a variety in the lesson with the use of each of the 5 senses so that each "brain" can have the opportunity to internalise the materials presented.
- refreshments and physical movements should be included in the lesson so that the brain can be refreshed
- the students' emotions will affect their learning

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The excerpt captures our own experience as students.
- Provide different ways of presenting instructions so that every "brain" has sufficient opportunities to learn the material presented
- Drinking water, physical activity refreshes the brain from long activity
- students are more motivated to participate in lesson when they feel positive emotions (also related to positive TSR and classical conditioning)

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Every child takes in information differently as their brain adapts to the environment in a way that only makes sense to the himself/herself. Therefore, it is important to tailor classroom learning to involve a variety of instructions so that learners have the opportunity to take in the information through one of the varied instructions that works for them. Having break time mid-class is also effective in helping students to recharge and be prepared to learn new concepts again. Most importantly, a teacher should always display enthusiasm and passion while teaching as the teacher's energy usually bounces off the students. When a teacher is passionate, the students can feel it and will be more motivated to learn.

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Each brain is unique, and each of our students would understand concepts and skills in a manner different from how the teacher understands them. Thus, we must have enough variety in the lesson so that each “brain” has sufficient opportunity to learn the material being presented (i.e. using appropriate pedagogies that cater to the abilities and profiles of our students)

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Allowing time for drinking water/snacks and physical movement helps in learning. Intentionally giving them time for focused physical movement, be it through the clock buddy system or through conversations) helps to keep the brain active and students can stay focused. Moreover, it is important as Teachers to be flexible and have enough resources and variety in our lesson to cater to the different learning needs and pace of students.

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Each brain takes in information through the senses and translates that information
into a response.
Therefore, there has to e a variety of activities that caters to all 5 senses so that the brain is used optimally.
Including movement throughout the lesson will also stimulate our students' brain to think and absorb information better.
The emotions of our students will also affect their receptiveness to the content presented to them.
Ultimately, we have to cater our instructions to fit their learning needs.

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- brain takes info through senses
- learning is affected by emotions
- Differentiated instructions: Therefore, we must ensure our lessons are suited for the profile, abilities and learning style
- Marcus