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As a school counselor, it is essential to stay knowledgable on current and past legal and ethical principles of multiple topics. As a school counselor, it is my duty to share with teachers and other counselors the importance of current laws and why one must follow them. The proper education of disabled students is essential and will be the topic of discussion. The education of every student within our school is important. Because these students are different in multiple ways, it is crucial that one review laws and ethics to ensure all proper steps are taken.

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1. After conducting an interview with a current school counselor, one can better understand current issues and why the topic is important. This legal topic is important in many ways. Education is centered around providing proper education for all. This includes disabled students. Luann Elliott expressed the importance of providing proper education for disabled students. When asked about the effect of court cases regarding their education, she stated, "I believe all students should receive a quality education. Court cases generally boil down to all students receiving a quality education and be treated fairly" (L. Elliott, personal communication, November 21, 2019).
2.Best Practices
-Always refer to ASCA Ethics. Referring to the ASCA ethical codes ensures counselors are following proper procedures and stay up to date on requirements.
-Keep detailed records. maintaining detailed records ensures the school has proof of meeting education requirements.
-Regularly monitor/test special education programs. Monitoring special education programs ensures all aspects are kept current and up to par.
3. L. Ellott express some concern regarding special education. She stated that her school is having issues hiring teachers that specialize in disabilities such as dyslexia. She stated that her current district does not have a certified dyslexia teacher, and often has students leave for a near by school. L. Elliott expressed that in order to attracted qualified teachers, she recommends increasing pay (L. Elliott, personal communication, November 21, 2019).
4.Luann Elliott
McCamey, ISD
School Counselor
https://www.mcisd.esc18.net/107846_3

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The  ASCA provides ethical standards for school counselors to follow. These standards include standards for underserved and at-risk populations. This standard references FAPE, which states that all students must have access to a free and appropriate education. This includes any students with disabilities. This standard also expresses the importance of collaborating with parents to ensure students are receiving proper education and care (American School Counselor Association, 2016).

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-In an article written by Jacobson (2019). She discusses a current issue regarding individualized education program preparation.
-The article includes multiple teacher accounts. These teachers explain that they were not prepared to develop proper IEP.
-Educators and parents within the article agree that parents need a meaningful role in IEP meetings.
-Only about 25% of survey respondents stated their schools made efforts to include families/parents in IEP development (Jacobson, 2019).

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-According to an article written by Madan (2019), students in rural and low income areas suffer most from inadequate special education.
-Parents in these areas are less likely to dispute their childrens' education for multiple reasons. Fear of retaliation, and inability to afford legal defense highlight these reasons.
-Educators and family advocates look to resolve this by making the process of developing proper education less one-sided (Madan, 2019).

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Source: Judicial
Citation: (PARC v. Commonwealth, 1971)
Link: https://www.leagle.com/decision/19711591334fsupp125711361 -This court case was the first to tackle issues regarding providing education to disabled students.
-The state was attempting to deny education to disabled students who were having trouble integrating. The court ruled in favor of PARC.
-As educators, one must understand that disabilities may have adverse effects. This may include behaviors that make it harder for students to integrate. For example, if a student does not integrate well in formal classrooms, educators must find alternative ways to educate said student.

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Source: Statutory
Citation: IDEA (20 § 1400)
Link: https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title20/chapter33&edition=prelim
-IDEA aims to ensure that all disabled students receive free and appropriate education. This is known as FAPE. If a student is said to have disabilities, under IDEA, the school must provide appropriate education.
-As educators, we must take the steps required to provide appropriate education. Not only because the law states to do so, but to ensure each student reaches their full potential.
-Any additional resources that are necessary to teach these students are not charged to the parents.

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Source: Administrative
Citation: (34 CFR § 300.39)
Link:https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2012-title34-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title34-vol2-sec300-39.pdf
- This administrative law elaborates further on IDEA.
-The law begins by stating once again that the specialized education will come at not cost to the family of the student, despite the additional costs necessary.
-This law includes services that may be provided to the student. This includes special physical education, adapted movement education, and motor development. This is an example of curriculum that would be provided to a student with physical rather than mental disabilities.
-As educators, it is important to understand the wide range of requirements disabled students may require.

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Source: Constitutional
Citation: (U.S. Const. amend. XIV.)
Link: https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/amendments-11-27#toc-amendment-xiv
- The 14th amendment is the foundation to multiple movements in education and equality. This revolves around the equal protection clause, which which says that states cannot deny equal protection of laws.
-Although the fourteenth amendment does not directly refer to education, is is the basis of many judicial cases and education.

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Law: San Angelo ISD Special Programs
Citation: (SAISD Student Handbook, 2019).
-This local law is located in the SAISD Student Handbook (2019). This law states that the district proves specialized education for students with disabilities. The section states specifically they have programs for students with dyslexia and english language learners.

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Ethical code: ASCA Standard A.10.
Citation: (American School Counselor Association, 2016).
Link: https://www.schoolcounselor.org/asca/media/asca/Ethics/EthicalStandards2016.pdf
-This ethical standard focuses on serving underserved and at-risk populations. Student may not be discriminated against based upon disability or special education status. The standard also emphasized that educators must recognize disabled students strengths as well as the challenges they face. Through all of this, they must receive appropriate education.

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Johns Hopkins University (n.d.), provides beneficial resources regarding disabilities characteristics and tips. The website lists all common and uncommon disabilities, along with necessary accommodations and instructional strategies. This is crucial for educators as one may have multiple disabled students that require different arrangements.

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-Always refer to ones specific code of ethics when faced with an ethical dilemma. Refer to code A.10. for information regarding disabled students.
-Always keep detailed records regarding students with disabilities. This not only ensures one is able to keep track of all students, but also to reduce legal liability.
-When developing or administering curriculum for disabled students, always refer to IDEA to ensure legal compliance. Statutory and administrative law above details IDEA.
-Along with standardized testing, regularly evaluate special education programs to ensure students are reaching full potential.
-Create customized education for individuals based upon their specific disability. There are many different types of physical and mental disabilities that require different courses of actions.
-Parents should be used as a resource. Nobody knows the student better than their guardian. Work with parents when developing their education, and take all of their concerns and ideas into consideration.

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American School Counselor Association. (2016). ASCA ethical standards for school counselors. Retrieved from https://www.schoolcounselor.org/asca/media/asca/Ethics/EthicalStandards2016.pdf.d

Education of Individuals with Disabilities, 20 USC § 1400.

Jacobson, L. (2019, October 15). 'Free and appropriate': Special ed stakeholders work to make IEP meetings less one-sided. Retrieved from https://www.educationdive.com/news/free-and-appropriate-special-ed-stakeholders-work-to-make-iep-meetings-l/564423/.

John Hopkins University. (n.d.). Types of disabilities. Retrieved from https://studentaffairs.jhu.edu/disabilities/about/types-of-disabilities/.

Modan, N. (2019, December 4). GAO: Low-income and minority students face barriers resolving disputes over special ed services. Retrieved from https://www.educationdive.com/news/gao-low-income-and-minority-students-face-barriers-resolving-disputes-over/568379/.

Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens v. Commonwealth, 343 F. Supp. 279 (1971).

San Angelo Independent School District Student Handbook. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.saisd.org/docs/student_services/Student Handbook 2019-2020.pdf.

Special Education, 34 CFR § 300.39

U.S. Const. amend. XIV.