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The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations.

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Clause in the Constitution (Article 4, Section 1) requiring each state to recognize the civil judgments rendered by the courts of the other states and to accept their public records and acts as valid.

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The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

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Article VI, Paragraph 2 of the Constitution; the clause prohibits states from interfering with the federal government's powers, and from assuming any functions that are granted to the federal government.

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Christy Brzonkala brought suit against two male students (Antonio Morrison and James Crawford) who allegedly sexually assaulted her, and Virginia Polytechnic University under the Violence Against Women Act of 1944. The court ruled that Congress lacked the authority to pass this act under the Commerce Clause (14th Amendment).

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Alfonzo Lopez, a high school student from San Antonio, carried a hidden weapon into Texas High School. He was charged under Texas law with firearm possession at school grounds. The next day, federal agents charged Lopez with violating a federal crime, the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990. The Court considered the Commerce Clause, Article I, Section 8 because the case had no connection to commerce or economic activities.

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Arizona v. the United States was a case involving a state law intended to increase the powers of local law enforcement who wanted to enforce federal immigration laws. The court agreed to allow Arizona state police to investigate the immigration status of a person whose been stopped, detained, or arrested if there is reasonable suspicion that they illegally entered the country.

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South Dakota drinking age laws originally allowed 19 years old's to purchase beer containing up to 3.2% alcohol. Because of this, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which withheld 5% of federal highway funding from states that did not maintain a minimum legal drinking age of 21. South Dakota had challenged the law, naming the Secretary of Transportation (Elizabeth Dole) as the defendant. The case concluded with the 21st Amendment being created to end prohibition and gave control of alcohol to the states.

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The clause in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution that empowers the Congress to make all laws necessary for executing its other powers and those of the federal government as a whole.

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Concurrent Powers are those that both the federal and state governments have simultaneously to possess and exercise.

Examples of Power:

To levy and collect taxes.

To define crimes and set punishments for them.

To claim private property for public use.

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Powers Denied to the States

Powers denied to the States are denied in much the same way that powers are denied to the National Government; both expressly and inherently. They are simply prohibited by either the Constitution or state constitutions.

Examples:

Cannot make treaties/alliances.

Cannot make their own money.

Cannot make nobles.

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The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people; According to the 10th Amendment.

Examples of Power:

To issue driver's licenses.

Create marriage laws.

Create standards for schools.

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Denied Powers to the National Government

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Denied Powers to the National Government

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Powers are denied to the National Government in three distinct ways:

Some powers, such as the power to levy duties on exports or prohibit the freedom of religion, speech, press, or assembly, are expressly denied to the National Government in the Constitution.

Some powers are denied to the National Government because the federal system does not intend the National Government to carry out those functions.

Examples:

Cannot tax exports.

Bill of Rights.

Cannot do anything to take away people's liberty.

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These powers are necessary for governments to actually be a part of the government. They are simply powers because they are the national government.

Examples of Power:

Regulating immigration.

Acquiring territory.

Ending labor strikes.

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Implied powers are political powers granted to the United States government that isn't explicitly stated in the Constitution but that is necessary to function.

Examples of Power:

Require states to meet certain conditions to qualify for federal funding.

To borrow money.

Establish a federal reserve system of banks.

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Expressed powers are powers directly expressed or stated in the Constitution by the Founders (directly worded); Article 1, Section 8.

Examples of Power:

To collect taxes.

Regulate foreign and interstate commerce.

Conduct foreign relations.

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Delegated powers are specifically granted to the national government in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution.

Examples of Power:

To coin money.

To regulate commerce.

To declare war.

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A system of government in which the same territory is controlled by two levels of government. Both the federal government and state governments have powers over the citizens of the United States. The Constitution's clause states that federal laws will usually replace any state laws or local ordinances.

Examples:

Setting up courts through the country's dual court system.

Creating and collecting taxes.

Building highways.