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The American Revolutionary War [–], also known as the American War of Independence and the Revolutionary War in the United States, was the armed conflict between Great Britain and thirteen of its North American colonies, which had declared themselves the independent United States of America. The United States of America won the war and gained its independence.

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The United States presidential election of [-] was the first quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Monday, December 15, [-], to Saturday, January 10, [-]. It was conducted under the new United States Constitution, which was ratified earlier in [-]. In the election, George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president, and John Adams became the first vice president. At the time you could only vote if you were male, white and owned land.

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The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States fought from [-]. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states known as the Confederate States of America. During the war, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation of Proclamation in [-]. In a single stroke, it changed the federal legal status of more than 3 million enslaved people in the designated areas of the South from "slave" to "free." It had the practical effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate government, by running away or through advances of federal troops, the slave became legally free. It was issued as a war measure during the American Civil War, directed to all of the areas in rebellion and all segments of the executive branch (including the Army and Navy) of the United States. The Union won the war and as a result slavery was abolished.

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The 15th Amendment to the Constitution granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

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The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. The Nineteenth Amendment granted American women the right to vote.

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The Voting Rights Act (VRA) bans racial discrimination in voting practices by the federal government as well as by state and local governments. Passed in [-] after a century of deliberate and violent denial of the vote to African-Americans in the South and Latinos in the Southwest – as well as many years of entrenched electoral systems that shut out citizens with limited fluency in English – the VRA is often held up as the most effective civil rights law ever enacted. It is widely regarded as enabling the enfranchisement of millions of minority voters and diversifying the electorate and legislative bodies at all levels of American government.

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The Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the states and the federal government from using age as a reason for denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States who are at least eighteen years old. The drive to lower the voting age from 21 to 18 grew across the country during the [-], driven in large part by the broader student activism movement protesting the Vietnam War.

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Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. is a landmark United States Supreme Court case regarding the constitutionality of two provisions of the Voting Rights Act of [-]: Section 5, which requires certain states and local governments to obtain federal preclearance before implementing any changes to their voting laws or practices; and Section 4, which contains the coverage formula that determines which jurisdictions are subjected to preclearance based on their histories of discrimination in voting.

On [-], the Court ruled by a 5-to-4 vote that Section 4 is unconstitutional because the coverage formula is based on data over 40 years old, making it no longer responsive to current needs and therefore an impermissible burden on the constitutional principles of federalism and equal sovereignty of the states. The Court did not strike down Section 5, but without Section 4, no jurisdiction will be subject to Section 5 preclearance unless Congress enacts a new coverage formula.