# data[].attributes.headline
How did the Vietnam war affect containment?

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How did the Vietnam war affect containment?

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-failed militarily -strategically: bombing spread communism -propaganda had wrong effect -US stopped involving in complicated conflicts.

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-After the Tet offensive, Johnson decided to stop the war.
-He then announced he wasn't seeking re election.
1968-Nixon becomes the new president.
1969-73:tried with kissinger to end involvement in Vietnam, but to not seem weak, he:
-imprved relation with USSR and China
-Vietnamisation -increased bombing.
1973: everyone had signed peace agreements.
1975: south Vietnam fell into communism again.

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1968- Charlie company gets wrong information about a Viet Cong headquarter and they go to kill 300 people, but they were all innocent.
-Life magazine made an investigation and found out it was all a mistake.
-This was very shocking, and the man responsible was released after 3 years in prison

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People were against the war because:
-drained money -racial inequality was made evident -many were uncomfortable with the purpose -Vietnam was a symbol of defeat -many protests took place in the late 1960's

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1968: Viet Cong fighters attacked 100 cities and the American embassy
Turning point
-Viet Cong was weakened as tehy though that South Vietnam would join them.
Media reaction
-Aslo a turning point, everything had been positive.

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Bombing
1965-72: -bombed also Laos and Cambodia
-damaged their war effort
Search and destroy
-they would go into villages and kill Viet Cong. -Got wrong information -killed the innocent
Chemical weapons
-burned crops and skin
Conscription
-many soldiers were young and unexperienced. Morale was low.

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Guerrilla warfare
-They used no uniforms -Booby traps -Tried to wrecken morale -did 'hit and run' raids. -no headquarters
Civilians
-treated them well as long as they maintained loyalty. -Campaign of terrors: killed 27000 opponents
Supplies-got them through Ho Chi Minh trail
Commitment
-refused to give up, truly believed in their ideals.

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Vietnam was ruled by France before WW2, it was then conquered by Japan.
Viet Minh declared Vietnam independent in 1945
-The french also came back and there was war for 9 years.
USA responds:
1954: prevented free elections from taking place because of Domino theory.
Financial support for Diem's regime
1955-USA supported the unpopular anti-communist set up the Republic of South Vietnam.
1963-Ngo Dinh Diem was overthrown by his own army leaders.
Emergence of Viet Cong
-killed unloyal peasants. -Guerrilla war started between Viet Cong and South Vietnam.
'Strategic helmet' program: helped by the USA, anti-communist moved villages from Viet Cong to South Vietnam. PEasants hated this.
US involvement escalates
1964: -North Vietnam attacked US ships.
1965: operation rolling thunder
Why did the USA send troops to Vietnam?
-Containment and domino theory. -Businesses hugely gaied from war.

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Kruschev arms Castro in 1962.
-US discovers nuclear sites in Cuba.
October: Ex-commintern formed, blockade on Cuba, Soviets withdrew and, although there was evidence military bases were still growing, at the end of October the arms were dismatled.
Why did the USSR put the arms in Cuba?
-to bargain with USA -to test them -Trap USA -close missile gap -strengthen position
Outcomes:
-Kennedy's reputation improved as he made USSR back down
-Kruschev appeared as a responsible peacemaker
-USA was criticised by allies
-Relationship thawed. -Weapon development continued
-Castro didn't like Kruschev's deal but had to accept it. -Castro stayed with American resources.

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Case study 2: cuban missile crisis origins

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Case study 2: cuban missile crisis origins

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Arms race and nuclear deterrence: 1960's: USA put arms in Turkey (CENTO ally)
Early 1960's: USA was stronger than USSR but it didn't matter as they could destroy eachother.
Cuban revolution: 1959: Batista is overthrown, Castro crushed opposition. USA and Castro's relationship worsened because: -pressure groups in USA -Castro took American businesses and distributed between peasants.
USA responds: 1960's Eisenhower tried to find ways to damage economy.
-Castro allowed USA to keep the naval base and It allied with the USSR.
Bay of pigs invasion: 1961: Kennedy sent troops to overthrow Castro.
-It failed as they were received by armed forces.
This showed: -USA woudln't directly get involved in Cuba -Castro strengthened -Suggested Kennedy was weak -Castro and Kruschev grew suspicion.

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Alliances with anti-communists: SEATO-South East Asia CENTO-central asia and middle East
As the USSR saw it too dangerous, they made the Warsaw pact between communists.
Building more powerful nuclear weapons: 1945: Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This showed that just threatening with bombs could contain communism

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-Showed communism could be contained, but had to be accepted.
-Highlighted tensions between US leaders.
-North Korea became a communist dictatorship.

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1950-North Koreans were driven back to their original border in weeks.
Macarthur and Truman wanted to go beyond containment.
They then realised they inderestimated China's forces which helped North Korea. Americans also weren't used to the harsh weather conditions.
1951: MacArthur is sacked from office by Truman because he wanted to continue war.

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Outbreak: South Korea-anti-communist, not democratic. North-communist.
1950: war, most now was communist.
-Truman sent supplies to contain communism.
-UN was on USA's side as they contributed greatly to the budget, so they help the Northerns leave South Korea.

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Stalin was using cominform to spread communism, and he was successful in the late 40's.

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The Berlin blockade: causes and consequences

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The Berlin blockade: causes and consequences

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By 1948, both USA and USSR were rearming.
Problem of Germany: Was divided in four, later united to form West Germany. Morgenthau wanted agriculture to come back, but they also needed industries.
-Stalin blockades Berlin, but the USA started supplying by air for containment.
Consequences: -Berlin was an anti-communist oasis. -Cold war patterns of thinking
Nato and Warsaw pact: NATO-from the western powers, wanted to resist attack and oppresion
WARSAW-between communist states

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How did the USSR gain control of Eastern Europe by 1948?

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How did the USSR gain control of Eastern Europe by 1948?

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The iron curtain: border between east and west in europe.
-Stalin by using the secret police, achieved: -communist parties in France, Italy and Hungary.
Cominform: organised and controlled these communist leaders.
American reaction to Soviet expansion:
-Czechoslovakia and Greece were the only non-communist in Eastern Europe
Greece: Britain sent troops so that the king stayed in power. USSR protested.
Communists and royalist war was being funded by the USA
The Truman doctrine: USA would do anything to help containment.
The marshall plan: Marshall went to asses Europe and saw they needed billions of dollars, but congress denied it.
Czechoslovakia: ruled by communists, congress accepted the Marshall plan after an American was killed.
Marshall aid- not paying it could lead to deppresion. Would help contain communism.

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Changes since Yalta: -Stalin left troops in occupying countries -Refugees fleeing
-Poland now communist
-Truman (new US president)--> more anticommunist, he tested atomic bombs
Disagreements: -Stalin wanted to cripple Germany -Stalin wanted compensation
-Truman was unhappy as allies allowed Stalin to form soviet govts.

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-Dealt with what would happen after German loss.
Germany: would be divided between France, Britain, American and Soviet.
Japan: Stalin would come to war.
Elections for occupied countries
Big three would join UN
Punish war criminals
Big 3 decided East Europe would be soviet.

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Why did the USA-USSR alliance begin to break apart in 1945?

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Why did the USA-USSR alliance begin to break apart in 1945?

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-USA, USSR, and Britain were allies against Hitler, but USA and Britain hated communism and helped their opponents.

-USA and USSR were each content with their world views:
USA- capitalist, democracy, wealthiest (but big gaps), free of govt. control, afraid of communism, citizens didn't serve interest.
USSR-communist, lower living standards, rights of individuals weren't as important, wanted to spread communism.

USA in the 1930's: isolation.
1940's: Roosevelt was against isolation, communism and appeasement.

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Appeasers like Chamberlain were seen as weak.
-Confronting Hitler in 1938 would've been good as they were weak.
-Strong argument for appeasement: Britain wasn't ready to fight. However, Germany was even weaker.
-Realistic alternatives for Chamberlain: -Isolation -Colonial and economic appeasement -LON -Alliances -armaments -war

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Hitler didn't believe USSR would avoid war in Polish corridor because:
Stalin's fears: -threatened by Germany -Couldn't agree with Germany and France    -Made USSR part of LON to protect from Germany.
1935: Stalin signed agreement with France, but France didn't defend when Hitler entered to Rhineland.
1938: the fact they said nothing about Munich agreement made them seem weak.
Stalin's negotiations: -He thought France and Britain had done bad saying they'd defend Poland.
1939: Hitler and Stalin signed the Nazi Soviet Pact.
Hitler and Stalin both got more land, Hitler also avoided war and Stalin could become stronger.
Consequences: Germany invaded Poland with little resistance, Britain and France declared war on Germany

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The Czechs were afraid Germany would take over.
Czechoslovakia was prepared to fight, and Britain, France, USSR supported them
22 September: Hitler announced he actually wanted all of the Sudeteland.
Munich agreement: leaders decided to give Hitler what he wanted without asking Czechs or the USSR.
Consequences of the Munich agreement:
Czechs were betrayed, but Europe was relieved.
War was delayed rather than prevented

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Appeasement: Britain and france tried to avoid war by giving Hitler what he wanted.
-They did this as Hitler was like a buffer against communism
-Japan and Italy got away with the aggresion

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-This was done through 'democratic means', by forcing a plebiscite.
This meant breaking the TOV, but Britain and France didn't defend it.

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1937-Japan invades China
1936-Britain and france were worried because of the agreement between Germanu and Japan.

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There was a war between the republican government (supported by USSR) and General Franco (supported by Hitler and Mussolini)
Hitler got more confidence as France and Britain didn't intervene.

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Since 1919-Saar had been ruled by LON
1935: elections. Goebbels lauched a massive propaganda campaign, and 90% voted to return to Germany.

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1933- Left LON, started rearmament
1934-tried to take over Austria, Mussolini didn't allow it
1935-rearmament rally
1936-conscription, sent troops to Rhineland, anti-communist alliance with Japan
1937-Spanish civil war, anti-communist alliance with Italy
1938-Took over Austria and Sudetenland
1939-invaded Poland and Czechoslovakia
Other Factors:
-Hitler was a gambler
-Depression
-Actions of Britain, France, USSR and USA

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-Abolish the TOV
-Expand German territory (Lebensraum)
-Defeat communism

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How complete was Stalin's control over the Soviet Union by 1941?

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How complete was Stalin's control over the Soviet Union by 1941?

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One one hand:
-bolsheviks removed -main officers removed -cowed intellectuals -terrified population
On the other hand: russia was hard to rule -there was bribery and corruption because of imposible targets -people cheated the system to escape blames.

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Religion: by 1939, 1 in 40 churches was still open. Many were still christian though.
Music and arts: had to praise Stalin
Education: very biased and disciplined. Kids were indoctrinated about socialist values.
Women: some education and jobs, but low pays, 2/3 of marriages ended in divorce.
Great retreat: wanted to re-impose traditional family values, made abortions and divorce harder.
Equality: made life equally bad, as there were housing problems, hard to get clothes and food too.
Nationalities: some were deported entirely.

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How did Stalin control the soviet union?

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How did Stalin control the soviet union?

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Terror: NKVD and gulags (labour camps)
The purges: Stalin organised show trials, people including Zinoniev and Kamanev were tried. People who were opponents and the disloyal to Stalin.
1937: 18 million people were sent to the camps, USSR was weak as there were no independent thinkers.
1936: new consitution gave free speech and elections, but only for communists.
1930's: propaganda created a cult of personality

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Why did Stalin want to modernise agriculture?
-Feeding workers -Food exports -Building his reputation -Ending the NEP

Impact of collectivization:
Collectivisation: peasants would have to join their farms into 'kolkhoz'
This would help by: -making new farming methods more efficient -Easier to collect taxes and grain
Resistance: many kulaks resisted, but propaganda was used to persuade them. Some were deported to Siberia
Famine: government didn't acknowledge it, 13 million people starved.
Impact: 1934-no kilaks left 1941-most land was collectivised.

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-More women started working
-Little unemployment
-lots of punishment and reppresion
-overcrowding in housing provided by the state
-slave labor: opponents were taken to dangerous engineering projects
Achievements:
-Electricity increased 7 times, coal and steel quadrupled, oil doubled.
However: products were of bad quality, thousands of deaths.

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Why did Stalin want to modernise industry?
-Security: to be able to fight a war. -For power and success -Nationalism -Ideology (needed workers to support communism) -Personal reputation

Five-year plans
Lenin's NEP ended.
Gosplan set targets-->region informed-->region set particular targets--> manager set targets to foremen --> foreman set targets for shifts and workers
-First 5 y.p. focused on heavy industries, the following one on mining and transportation, and the last one on agriculture and cosnumer goods (this one couldn't happen because of WW2.)

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1924: Lenin dies, the candidates to succeed him are Kamenev, Zinoniev, Stalin and Trotsky (most likely to win).
-Because of a mixture of his attitutes and bad luck, intelligent Stalin was able to beat Trotsky and became the leader.

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War communism: -redistributing wealth -large factories were from the government -discipline -food rationing
War was won but there was also famine
Kronstadt mutiny: sailors were now concerned with the bol. and demanded basic rights like free speech.
March: trotsky stormed the base to negotiate concessions
NEP: brought back capitalism in some ways
Lenin dies and USSR is created in 1924

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-Trotsky was a good leader -they fed people -took over factories -strict control -propaganda -territorial advantages
On the other hand, whites: -weren't united -widely spread -little russian support

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-Wanted help from LON to make peace with Germany, pesants were given land
Bolshevik dictatorship: in constituent assembly they didn't get majority, so they broke it down.
-Making peace: Trotsky had to acceot the treaty of Brest Litovsk
-Opposition and civil war: LEnin set up the Cheka. Anti Bolsheviks formed the whites, and Bolsheviks created a new red army. whites were defeated though after trying to take over key points.

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July 1917: Kerensky defeats the Bolscheviks
September 1917: Kerensky relies on Bolscheviks (promised bread, land and peace)

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6 december: Red guards took over key spots.
7 november: Red guards took over more points and arrested members of prov. govt.

Why did the bolsheviks survive?
-unpopularity of prov. govt. -hate towards Kerensky -discipline -support of industrial centers -'bread, land and peace'

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-Resented prov. govt. and war, wanted revolution, distribute land to peasants.

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Dual power: provisional govt. and petrograd

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Dual power: provisional govt. and petrograd

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-Duma's prov. govt. took charge after abdication. Many political parties. -Some people considered soviets as government. -Karensky was supported and part of both govts, caused instability.
Provisional government: -stay in war or make peace -distribute land -feed workers
Petrograd soviet: -Supported by workers and controlled city. -Undermined prov. govt. decisions, but then worked together. -Supporters of constituent assembly.

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1914: Russia enters WW1.
The army: badly led, no supplies. Tsar blamed for loss.
Peasants and workers: -Discontent -No entra wages -Shortages
Middle class: 1916: unhappy with the tsar. Zemstva set up medical organisations.
The aristocracy: conscription: not many farmers. Rasputin was killed
March 1917 revolution: -Strikes joined by army.
Industry halted, duma created a provisional committee. Tsar abdicated.

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-No opponents could be elected to Duma
Styolipin's reform: carrot (land) and stick (crushed opposition)
-Rising discontent: worker's conditions didn't improve. Profit was going to France.
Industries believed there were inefficient ministers.
-Rasputin advises Tsar.

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Remilitarisation of the Rhineland-March 1936

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Remilitarisation of the Rhineland-March 1936

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This was prohibited by one of the terms of the TOV and Locarno treaties
-Hitler's excuse was the agreement between France and USSR against Germany.
-He knew Britain wouldn't intervene
Germany's army was worst than the french one, but Hitler was lucky: LON was busy in Abyssinia, French were divided and didn't want war, they also refused to attack without Britain

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Tsarism in danger: violence, groups didn't work together so failed.
June: sailors mutinied. Peasants attacked landlords. Soviets formed.
The october manifesto: -elected parliament and free speach and political parties
Army restores tsarist rule: Tsar stopped the war. December 1905: leaders of soviets arrested. Army was still loyal to tsar, opposition crushed.
He also establishes peace with Japan and brings the armed forces home so they can support him.

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Economic: 1900-deppresion 1901-bad harvestç
War with Japan: people mad at incompetence.
Bloody sunday: 1905-Gapon and protesters peacefully petitioned to the tsar. Strikes started.

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-Liberals: from colleges, democratic and wanted parliament
-Radicals: Socialist revolutionaries: supported in conutries and towns, violent.
Social democratic party: smaller, disciplined. Followed Marx ideas. They then split into Manscheviks and Bolscheviks

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-Many nationalities: some were loyal, jews were discriminated
-Peasants and countryside: 'kulaks' -No education, diseases present, bad land. Most were still loyal to the tsar though
-Industrial workers and cities: Witte increased production, there were bad conditions (had no trade unions to protest)
-Capitalists: rose thanks to industrialisation

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-Autocracy, supported by church, bureaucracy, nobles and commanders
-Chaos and incompetence: Tsar Nicholas II was a bad ruler, he wouldn't delegate small day to day tasks. He was also corrupt
-control and repression: special police for opponents.
Okhrana: secret police backed by cossak. They controlled peasant's lives

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-Terror
-Hitler was seen as a god
Divided opposition (groups didn't work together)
-Approval
-Propaganda and censorship

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-Many Jews could escape before the killings
-Lived undercover
-Schwindler put them on his 'list' of workers
-Wallenberg gave them US passports and took them to Hungary

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Nazi young programs were mandatory
Opponents: swing movement and the Eldeweiss Pirates
1942: Gestapo broke down 28 of those groups and were later hanged in 1944

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1939: clothes and food rationing, things weren't horrible though
1941: invasion of soviet union--> disaster
1942: Speer directs war economy: entertainment was closed, Nazi love declined.
Bombing on Dresden: killed many people in just days
The end of the war: 1945-desperation, most leaders killed themselves or were captured

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Political: socialists met privately.
Until WW2, there was no challenge against nazis
1936: gestapo seized 1.6 million leaflets
Social: mostly after 1936, rallies weren't as popular, radio wardens forced epople to listen, complains, church leaders criticised nazis.
Big businesses and middle class: glad there was no communist threat, small bs. were struggling, and the big ones were happy as there were no strikes or trade unions
-Hitler didn't want social classes, but 'Volkgemeinschaft')

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Gays challenged the idea of the perfect family
Mentally handicapped: euthanasia program
Gypsies: mostly killed
Asocials: sent to concentration camps
Jews: had good jobs, so were hated (also blamed for the death of Jesus)
Kristallnacht--> in 1938 jew kills a diplomat in Paris, so nazis revenged against the jews

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-most churchgoers didn't oppose them
1933: concordat between catholics and hitler
the nazis proposed a religion called 'German faith movement'

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Great propaganda opportunity, wanted to show the Aryan superiority so they only took 1 jew for the team.
Germany did win, but Jesse Owens (black American) broke many records

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The nuremberg rallies: bands, marches, etc. gave impression of order.
Control of media culture: they controlled everything, only could show nazi messages. Mein Kampf was the bestseller

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Gestapo: nazi secret police, commanded by Heydrich
The SS: crushed opposition, led by Himmler.
Concentration camps: Opponents went there, there was harsh labour and little food
Police and courts: jobs were given to important nazis, they ignored nazi crimes

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-took over council by bullying
-searched houses for 'illegal guns' and took 7 people to conc. camps
-All local bodies should have nazi majority
-Boycotting jewish businesses
-Ending unemployment (public services)
-Propaganda
-rush to join the party

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-Building a strong germany
-A racially pure Germnany
-People's community (volk)

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1. Reichstag fire: he blames communists (good for negative cohesion)
2. The enabling act: nazis had the majority, the act allowed them to pass laws without consulting the Reichstag
3. The Night of the Long Knives: The Night of the Long Knives was a turning point for the German government. It established Hitler as the supreme administrator of justice of the German people, as he put it in his July 13 speech to the Reichstag.
4. Army oath: hitler makes the army swear him an oath of personal loyalty

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How did Hitler rise to power?
Hitler was a powerful communicator.
Negative cohesion: people would like him because they hated the same things (like the TOV)
Desillusionment with democracy
Fear of communism
'immoral cities' in Weimar culture
Weak opposition
He had support from the Reichstag
Their support ended up growing

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In 1928 the Nazis only won 12 Reichstag seats, they relaised they had to win over the farmers and small shopkeepers.
They also decided to stregthen the SA and create the SS, use more propaganda, but they were still a minority

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1919-Hitler joins them
1920-Twenty five point program with their ideas

1923-Munich putsch
Hitler attacked the local governemnt meeting and the next day they started taking over office buildings
Although it was a disaster in the short term, it was good in the long term as they gained popularity. Also, it showed that hitler had friends in 'high places' as he was able to go to a castle with access to books instead of going to jail. Here, he wrote 'Mein Kampf'

The nazis realised that they had to get power through democratic means, built youth organizations and 'Hitler youth'

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1923: Stresemann is the new president, he has more support.
Economic achievements Dawes Plan (from US) helped in doing more public works, creating new jobs. Wages rose.
Problems they depended on US loans, great inequality, surplus, small shopkeepers threatened by big businesses.
Political achievements No revolutions, moderate parties had more support, Hitler had just a little
Problems: nazis and communists were building up, opposition to republic, 1925 new president hated democracy
Cultural achievement: more expression in art, cinema and architecture
Problems: cities were now seen as 'immoral'
Foreign policy achievements 1925- locarno treaty 1926- accepted into LON 1929- Young plan
Problems: too nationalistic, felt Stresemann accepted the TOV

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Economic disaster: Loss of land meant loss of resources, had to pay 2% of national output in reparations, the occupation in the Ruhr caused a collapse in the currency in which the middle class suffered the most (loss savings)

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Threat from the left: Spartacists --> communists lead by Luxemburg and Liebknecht and wanted them to be ruled by worker's councils. They launched an attack but Freikorps (ex-soldiers) agreed with Ebert to stop it.
Threat from the right Resented the new government and TOV (they blamed Ebert)
March 1920- kapp putsch: 5000 freikorps, defeated by general strike.
1923: Munich Putsch by Hitler

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1918- Germany had to become a democracy under the Treaty of Versailles. Ebert becomes president. In november he signs the armistice and creates a republic
Economic impact National output decreases, there are shortages of food and lots of money went to war pensions
Social impact Unemployment, gap between rich and poor, distress
Political impact Ex soldiers believed they had been betrayed by weak politicians

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This time, it was right on LON footstep.
Italy attacked because in 1896 they had been defeated. They wanted good land (colonies)
The league imposed some sanctions, but took too long to ban oil, as it would damage league members.
Italy ended up taking over abyssinia.
Outcomes: hitler entered Rhineland. Italy took ovr the capital and Haile exiled.
November 1936: mussolini signed the Berlin-Rome axis.
Abyssinia was a disaster for the league and world peace.

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Only Germany was forced to disarm. However, when Hitler rose to power, he started rearming again.
Reason for failure: Britain wasn't happy with disarmament and told Germany they could grow army as long as the German one wasn't bigger than 35% of british.

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-Happened because they wanted a new empire for markets and resources
League ends up saying that Machuria should spay from China.
Japan said they'd invade again, but the league said no and they left.
League was powerless and without the USA, sanctions would be meaningless.

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In 1929, the Wall street crash caused an economic depression which didn't only affect the US, but also Europe as they got help from them and traded together.

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Would improve working conditions, refugees, forced labour, slavery and health

Peaceful agreements
Dawes plan (USA would help Europe with the crisis) Young plan (lowered payments)

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League and border disputes (handled by conference of ambassadors)

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League and border disputes (handled by conference of ambassadors)

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Corfu 1923 Dispute between Greece and Albania, Mussolini entered after Telini is killed and Greece appealed to LON. Mussolini 'won' and made Greece pay.
The geneva protocol: if two countries were in dispute, they would have to ask the League to intervene and would accept council's decision. This weakened the League because new conservative govt. didn't accept it.

Bulgaria 1925 Greeks invaded Bulgaria because of border issues.
This was a success because Greece had to pay compensation but Greece obeyed

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Assembly: Like a parliament -All countries were in it -Recommends the council      -voted to admit members -met once a year -Unanimous decisions
Council: Contained temporary and permanent members -Met often -Supposed to solve problems by talking, if not their would be punishment
The secretariat: -civil service -called experts
Permanent court of international justice -Settle border disputes
ILO-Improve working conditions and adopt suggestions
LON commissions would try to improve lives of people in mandates, refugees, slaves, kids, etc

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-discourage aggression
-encourage co-operation and disarmament
-improve living and working conditions

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Reasons why LON was unpopular in US parliament

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Reasons why LON was unpopular in US parliament

# data[].attributes.body
-They would enforce the TOV
-Sanctions would affect them
-Didn't want to send US soldiers
-They were anti-empires (and LON could be controlled by Britain/France)
Congress voted to stay out and the new president Harding intended to return to normalcy and be isolated

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Wilson--> wanted a world parliament
Lloyd George--> simple organisation for emergencies
France-->Strong League with armyç
Wilson's idea won

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Other treaties (dealing w G's allies like Austria-H, Bulgaria and Turkey)

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Other treaties (dealing w G's allies like Austria-H, Bulgaria and Turkey)

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Austria: treaty of St Germain
-Separated Austria from Hungary
-To sort territories, not punish
-Caused economic problems as industry states were now part of Czechoslovakia

Hungary: treaty of Trianon
-Lost land and access to the ocean
-Pay reparations
-Many Bulgarians were governed by foreign powers

Turkey: treaty of Sevres
-Lost territory and control of ports
-Government spending controlled by allies
-Britain wanted their power to end bc of instability
-creates discontent
-they lost access to the sea
Treaty of Lausanne-Turkey

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-Kapp Putsch
-Political assasinations
-Munich Putsch

Ruhr conflict:
France and Belgium sacked it, which caused a strike and hyperinflation in 1923
They thought Germany had caused their own problems by not even raising taxes.

Hyperinflation helped Hitler rise to power

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Government that had taken them to war was overthrown.
-Sank its own ships in protest
-Refused to sign the treaty but was eventually signed on 28/6/1919

Criticisms:
-thought guilt should be shared
-Bitter they had to pay for everything even though economy wasn't good
-Loss of land meant loss of pride and economy
-Felt disarmament was unfair
-Thought 14 points weren't followed.
-Had no opinion in doing the treaty.

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-Germany had to accept the war guilt
-Germany also would have to pay 6.600 million pounds in reparations (changed in 1929 by Young Plan)
-Germany would lose territory
-German armed forces: 100000 men, no conscription, no armoured vehicles, and demilitarise the Rhineland.
-League of nations

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-Worst damage
-Wanted Germany to treat Germany harshly
-Didn't want Germany to keep all the colonies

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-Wanted Germany not to be punished so harshly (bc of communism and trade)
-Wanted Germany to lose its navy and colonies
-Didn't agree on decolonisation
-Didn't want everyone to have free access to the sea.

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-No defeated countries
-All important decisions on Germany were taken by the Big three (Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd George)

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-Don't be too harsh on Germany (fear of communism+war)
-Strengthen democracy in defeated countries
-Give self-determination to small European countries
-International cooperation
-All countries work towards disarmament
-France to regain Alsace-Lorraine (industrial area)