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GCSE Biology Revision "Active Transport"

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REQUIRED PRACTICAL: EFFECTS OF OSMOSIS ON PLANT TISSUES

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REQUIRED PRACTICAL: EFFECTS OF OSMOSIS ON PLANT TISSUES

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GCSE Biology Revision "Required Practical 3: Effects of Osmosis on Plant Tissue"

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GCSE Biology Revision "Surface Area to Volume Ratio"

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GCSE Biology Revision "Required Practical 1: Microscopes"

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GCSE Biology Revision "Plant Cell Specialisation"

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GCSE Biology Revision "Animal Cell Specialisation"

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GCSE Biology Revision "Order of Magnitude"

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GCSE Biology Revision "Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes"

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What Are Stem Cells | Genetics | Biology | FuseSchool

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GCSE Biology - Stem Cells in Medicine (2026/27 exams)

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What are Stem Cells? Difference Between Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells

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What are Stem Cells? Difference Between Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells

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GCSE Biology - What are Stem Cells? Difference Between Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells

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Down syndrome (trisomy 21) - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, & pathology

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Down syndrome (trisomy 21) - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, & pathology

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Down syndrome (trisomy 21) - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, & pathology

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GCSE Biology - Inherited Disorders - Polydactyly & Cystic Fibrosis  #51

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Hooke's Law - GCSE Science Required Practical

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GCSE Science Revision Physics "Required Practical 6: Stretching a Spring"

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Luke's Story - a Jeans for Genes Day film

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Sickle cell anemia - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment & pathology

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Sickle cell anemia - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment & pathology

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Sickle cell anemia - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment & pathology

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Cell Differentiation | Genetics | Biology | FuseSchool

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GCSE Biology - Cell cycles, Chromosomes & Mitosis #69

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GCSE Biology Revision "Cell division by Mitosis"

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GCSE Science Revision Biology "Meiosis and Fertilisation"

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GCSE Physics - Elasticity, spring constant, and Hooke's Law  #44

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GCSE Physics - Contact and Non-Contact Forces #40

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Contact forces - Contact and non-contact forces - AQA - GCSE Combined Science Revision - AQA Trilogy - BBC Bitesize

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Learn about and revise contact and non-contact forces with GCSE Bitesize Combined Science.

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A physical quantity is something that can be measured. Scalar quantities only have a or size.

Examples of scalar quantities

Some examples of scalar quantities include:

temperature, eg 10 degrees Celsius (°C)

mass, eg 5 kilograms (kg)

energy, eg 2,000 joules (J)

distance, eg 19 metres (m)

speed, eg 8 metres per second (m/s)

density, eg 1,500 kilograms per metre cubed (kg/m³)

Calculations involving scalar quantities

Adding scalars

The sum of scalar quantities can be found by adding their values together.

Calculate the total mass of a 75 kg climber carrying a 15 kg backpack.

75 kg + 15 kg = 90 kg

Subtracting scalars

Scalar quantities can be subtracted by subtracting one value from another.

A room is heated from 12°C to 21°C using a radiator. Calculate the increase in temperature.

21°C - 12°C = 9°C

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Scalar quantities - Scalar and vector quantities - AQA - GCSE Physics (Single Science) Revision - AQA - BBC Bitesize

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A physical quantity is something that can be measured. Scalar quantities only have a or size. Some examples of scalar quantities include: temperature, eg 10 degrees Celsius (°C) mass, eg 5 kilograms (kg) energy, eg 2,000 joules (J) distance, eg 19 metres (m) speed, eg 8 metres per second (m/s) density, eg 1,500 kilograms per metre cubed (kg/m³) The sum of scalar quantities can be found by adding their values together.

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GCSE Physics - Elasticity, spring constant, and Hooke's Law  #44

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GCSE Physics - Velocity Time Graphs  #54

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Weight, Force, Mass &  Gravity | Forces & Motion | Physics | FuseSchool

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GCSE Science Chemistry (9-1) Metals and Alloys

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Classifying Elements & Predicting Properties

Periodic table

Elements are arranged on the Periodic Table in order of increasing atomic number, where each element has one proton more than the element preceding it

The table is arranged in vertical columns called Groups numbered 1 - 8 and in rows called Periods

Period: these are the horizontal rows that show the number of shells of electrons an atom has
Eg elements in Period 2 have two electron shells, elements in Period 3 have three electron shells

Group: these are the vertical columns that show how many outer electrons each atom has
Eg Group 4 elements have atoms with 4 electrons in the outermost shell, Group 6 elements have atoms with 6 electrons in the outermost shell

Predicting properties using the Periodic table

Because there are patterns in the way the elements are arranged on the Periodic table, there are also patterns and trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements

There are trends in properties down Groups and across a Period

All of the Group I elements, for example, react very quickly with water

In this way the Periodic table can be used to predict how a particular element will behave

All elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic number from left to right

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The Periodic Table (9.1.1) | CIE IGCSE Chemistry Revision Notes 2020

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Classifying Elements & Predicting Properties Periodic table Elements are arranged on the Periodic Table in order of increasing atomic number, where each element has one proton more than the element preceding it The table is arranged in vertical columns called Groups numbered 1 - 8 and in rows called Periods

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students free online courses video science videos

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Future Extraction Methods - Bioleaching and Phytomining | Chemistry for All | The Fuse School

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Learn the basics about future extraction methods including bioleaching and phytomining. This is a part of the overall environmental chemistry topic. SUBSCRIBE to the Fuse School YouTube channel for many more educational videos. Our teachers and animators come together to make fun & easy-to-understand videos in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Maths & ICT.

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Explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion between air in the lungs and blood in capillaries

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Explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion between air in the lungs and blood in capillaries

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The alveoli are the gas exchange surface of the lungs

They have many features that are shared with all other types of gas exchange surfaces:

Large surface area to allow faster diffusion of gases across the surface

Thin walls to ensure diffusion distances remain short

Moist surface so that gases can dissolve and diffuse across easily

Good blood supply to maintain a high concentration gradient so diffusion occurs faster

Permeable to gases

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Photosynthesis Experiments (starch leaf and pond weed) - GCSE Biology (9-1)

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Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and is defined as the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen

OXYGEN DEBT!

It is the incomplete breakdown of glucose and releases a relatively small amount of energy for use in cell processes

Anaerobic respiration mainly takes place in muscle cells during vigorous exercise

When we exercise vigorously, our muscles have a higher demand for energy than when we are resting or exercising normally. Our bodies can only deliver so much oxygen to our muscle cells for aerobic respiration

In this instance, as much glucose as possible is broken down with oxygen, and some glucose is broken down without it, producing lactic acid instead

There is still energy stored within the bonds of lactic acid molecules that the cell could use; for this reason, less energy is released when glucose is broken down anaerobically

MUSCLE CRAMPS

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There are three main factors which limit the rate of photosynthesis:

Temperature

Light intensity

Carbon dioxide concentration

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If a plant is given unlimited sunlight, carbon dioxide and water and is at a warm temperature, the limit on the rate (speed) at which it can photosynthesise is its own ability to absorb these materials and make them react

However, most often plants do not have unlimited supplies of their raw materials so their rate of photosynthesis is limited by whatever factor is the lowest at that time

So a limiting factor can be defined as something present in the environment in such short supply that it restricts life processes

There are three main factors which limit the rate of photosynthesis:

Although water is necessary for photosynthesis, it is not considered a limiting factor as the amount needed is relatively small compared to the amount of water transpired from a plant so there is hardly ever a situation where there is not enough water for photosynthesis
Temperature

As temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis increases as the reaction is controlled by enzymes

However, as the reaction is controlled by enzymes, this trend only continues up to a certain temperature beyond which the enzymes begin to denature and the rate of reaction decreases

Light intensity The effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis At low light intensities, increasing the intensity will initially increase the rate of photosynthesis. At a certain point, increasing the light intensity stops increasing the rate. The rate becomes constant regardless of how much light intensity increases as something else is limiting the rate. The effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis Carbon Dioxide Concentration

The more light a plant receives, the faster the rate of photosynthesis

This trend will continue until some other factor required for photosynthesis prevents the rate from increasing further because it is now in short supply

The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis

The factors which could be limiting the rate when the line on the graph is horizontal include temperature not being high enough or not enough carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide is one of the raw materials required for photosynthesis

This means the more carbon dioxide that is present, the faster the reaction can occur

This trend will continue until some other factor required for photosynthesis prevents the rate from increasing further because it is now in short supply

The factors which could be limiting the rate when the line on the graph is horizontal include temperature not being high enough or not enough light

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Limiting Factors | CIE IGCSE Biology Revision Notes

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If a plant is given unlimited sunlight, carbon dioxide and water and is at a warm temperature, the limit on the rate (speed) at which it can photosynthesise is its own ability to absorb these materials and make them react However, most often plants do not have unlimited supplies of

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Investigating the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis

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Investigating the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis

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Investigating the effect of changing temperature, by changing the temperature of the water in the beaker

CV = Control variable
DV = Dependent variable
IV = Independent variable

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KEY POINTS:

INTERmolecular forces

Forces of attraction between two different molecules

Weak forces of attraction

Only requires a small amount of energy to overcome these forces of attraction

Substances with low melting and boiling points (i.e gases at room temperature)

Present in:

small covalent molecules

between the layers in graphite

Chemical bonds (INTRAmolecular forces)

Strong chemical bonds between atoms/ions in the same substance

Examples:

Ionic bonding

Covalent bonding

Metallic bonding

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Please download and print a copy. You will be provided with a copy during your exam

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KEY POINTS:

Strong electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions (cations) and sea of delocalised electrons (acts as the glue)

Electrons can move freely throughout the whole structure

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KEY POINTS:

Sodium dissolves/melts

Hydrogen gas is given off (whizzing sound)

Gas causes the sodium to move around the surface of the water

OH- ions in the water will turn universal indicator purple (alkali solution)

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North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics

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single layer -  intermolecular forces NOT present

All Carbon atoms joined to 3 other Carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds

1 delocalised electron from each Carbon atom which is free to move

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Please download and print

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KEY POINTS:

Many layers of graphene (single layer)

held together by weak intermolecular forces of attraction between the layers

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Structure and Properties

1. Covalent bonding
--> small covalent vs giant covalent
2. Ionic bonding
3. Metallic Bonding

* You should also be able to talk about weak intermolecular forces*

These are only present in small covalent molecules

The different layers of graphene in graphite

Describe the structure of each type of bond

What key words are relevant for each type of bonding/structure

Aim for 3 marks per description

Explain how the structure relates to the properties

Are the bonds strong are weak?

Does the structure conduct heat and electricity?

Is the substance soft or hard?

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Structure and bonding in metals - Metals and alloys - AQA - GCSE Combined Science Revision - AQA Trilogy - BBC Bitesize

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Learn about and revise metals and alloys with this BBC Bitesize GCSE Combined Science (AQA) study guide.

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Structure and properties

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GCSE Science Revision Chemistry "Graphite"

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KEY POINT

Intermolecular forces are the forces of attractions BETWEEN two different molecules

Found between small covalent molecules

Much weaker than chemical bonds such as covalent, ionic and metallic.

Only a small amount of energy is required to overcome these forces of attraction so these substances are usually gases at room temperature

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GCSE Science Revision Chemistry "Properties of Small Covalent Molecules"

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Covalent bonds - Small molecules - AQA - GCSE Combined Science Revision - AQA Trilogy - BBC Bitesize

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Learn about and revise small molecules with this BBC Bitesize GCSE Combined Science (AQA) study guide.

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"gcse revision" "fuseschool global education" "fuseschool chemistry" "fuseschool biology" "fuseschool physics" "fuseschool maths" "learning online chemistry ...

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FuseSchool - Global Education FuseSchool is a global Open Education charity. Our mission is to provide free education to millions of learners who need it the most, so that they can improve their lives and communities. So we created a slogan "Free education for anyone, anywhere" which we work by.

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An IB Biology website for BioNinjas everywhere!

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Freesciencelessons is driven by a core belief. Education leads to social mobility. Therefore, every student deserves outstanding teaching, no matter where they live, where they go to school, or how much money they have.

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gcse science biology chemistry physics maths 9-1 school learn revise exam aqa ocr edexcel

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Hi - we make video lessons for GCSE science and maths. The lessons give a concise run through of everything you'll need to know for your exams. Each video has been designed specifically for the 9-1 GCSE courses, and although they most closely mirror the AQA spec, everything you need to know for the main exam boards will be covered.

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Biology/Chemistry/Physic/Math

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Exam paper questions organised by topic and difficulty. Our worksheets cover all topics from GCSE, IGCSE and A Level courses. Give them a try and see how you do!

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Kinetic and gravitational potential energy - CCEA - GCSE Physics (Single Science) Revision - CCEA - BBC Bitesize

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Learn about kinetic and gravitational potential energy.

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Download PDF

Extended Only
Gravitational Potential Energy

The gravitational potential energy (GPE) of an object is the energy it has due to its height in a gravitational field:

If an object is lifted up it will gain GPE

If it falls, it will lose GPE

Gravitational potential energy: The energy an object has when it is lifted up

The GPE of an object is related to its mass (m), height (h) and the gravitational field strength (g):

The gravitational field strength (g) on the Earth is approximately 10 N/kg
(You will always be told this value in your examination paper)

Extended Only
Kinetic Energy

The kinetic energy (KE) of an object is the energy it has as a result of its speed
Kinetic energy: the energy an object has when it is moving

It is related to the mass (m) and speed (v) of the object by the equation:

( Note: In the above equation only the speed is squared - not the mass or the ½)

Worked example showing how GPE transfers to KE

Test Yourself Next Topic

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KE & GPE | CIE IGCSE Physics Revision Notes

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Download PDF Extended Only The gravitational potential energy (GPE) of an object is the energy it has due to its height in a gravitational field: If an object is lifted up it will gain GPE If it falls, it will lose GPE Gravitational potential energy: The energy an object has

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Here is the equation that relates work done, force applied, and distance moved in the direction of the force:

\[work~done = force \times distance\]

In the example above, 10 N is applied to move the box 2 m.

The triangle above may help you to rearrange the equation.

Work done has the same units as energy - joules. This is because energy is the ability to do work. So you must have energy to do work. You do not have to do work if you have energy though (potential energy does not do work). Specifically, a person could not push the box (and so do work) in the example above without energy. Work done is equal to energy transferred.

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Work - Work and power - GCSE Physics (Single Science) Revision - Other - BBC Bitesize

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Here is the equation that relates work done, force applied, and distance moved in the direction of the force: \[work~done = force \times distance\] In the example above, 10 N is applied to move the box 2 m. The triangle above may help you to rearrange the equation.

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The amount of work that is done if related to the size of the force and the distance moved by the object in the direction of the force:

work done  =  force × distance moved

W = F× d

You can rearrange this equation with the help of the formula triangle:
Use the formula triangle to help you rearrange the equation

The units of work are joules (J) (the same as the units of energy), but can also be given as newton metres (Nm)

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The amount of work that is done if related to the size of the force and the distance moved by the object in the direction of the force: work done = force × distance moved W = F× d You can rearrange this equation with the help of the formula triangle: Use the formula triangle to help you rearrange the equation The units of work are joules (J) (the same as the units of energy), but can also be given as newton metres (Nm)

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Atomic Structure
The Periodic Table

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Atomic structure and the periodic table - GCSE Combined Science Revision - AQA Trilogy - BBC Bitesize

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GCSE Combined Science Atomic structure and the periodic table learning resources for adults, children, parents and teachers.

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Starch production and the need for chlorophyll

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Starch production and the need for chlorophyll

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The family with six fingers - Countdown To Life: The Extraordinary Making Of You: Episode 1 - BBC

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10. Edexcel GCSE Biology - The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

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How to Draw a Graph - WORKED EXAMPLE - GCSE Physics

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GCSE Biology - Structure of a Leaf and Stomata  #50

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GCSE Chemistry Revision "Required Practical 2: Carrying out a Titration" (Triple)

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GCSE Chemistry Revision "Required Practical 4: Temperature Changes"

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GCSE Chemistry Revision "Titration calculations 1" (Triple)