# data[].attributes.body
Diary of a Refugee

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h3105.html

This passage talks about the aftermath of the Civil War and how black and whites come together to reshape the nation. This was confusing for former slave owners because they weren't used to freedom men and women. We picked this because it shows that all people were forced to come together and reshape the country after a large war.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In the aftermath of the Civil War, Americans -- black and white, in the North and South -- began the process of reshaping the nation. The biggest change for southerners was emancipation. For many former slaveowners, the prospect of freed men and women was confusing and frightening. Some reacted with rage, others with compassion and concern.

# data[].attributes.body
The first one is living Africans thrown overboard, the living Africans were heading to Jamaica and the captain knew that they was going to die anyways and knew that the insurance would not pay for the sick people so he thought that he should just go ahead and kill them by throwing them overboard.

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1h280.html

The document "A Slave Is Tortured" is about a woman's son, James who is a slave and his treatment during his captivity and his death. It tells of how he escapes and once he is found he is beaten, locked in and buried in a box. During his harsh treatment no one bats an eye because he’s a slave and this was normal. He eventually dies from this harsh treatment. His story shows how terrible and inhumane slaves were treated.

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h1516t.html

Macy, Cooper, Megan, Makayla

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Africans in America/Part 1/Living Africans Thrown Overboard

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The captain gave the order; 54 Africans were chained together, then thrown overboard. Another 78 were drowned over the next two days. By the time the ship had reached the Caribbean,132 persons had been murdered.

# data[].attributes.headline
Sunny Wesley, Carson Rhoads, Kieran Tucker, Trevin Wilson

# data[].attributes.subject
Sunny Wesley, Carson Rhoads, Kieran Tucker, Trevin Wilson

# data[].attributes.body
"An Englishman Tastes the Sweat of an African"

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1h292.html

In this source, an Englishman licks a black man's chin to taste his sweat to tell if he is sick and how old he is. This is important because it tells us about the trading of different materials, and what slave-owners would do to decide whether they'd buy a slave or not.

"Bars Fight"

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h1592.html

The first poem created by an African American woman. 2 families were killed in a attack on the "Bars" (a term for meadows), the poem is about this attack. It shows how violence affected the people who knew the families that died, and how connected they were to each other, as the poem was still recited and/or sung a century before it was even published.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Africans in America/Part 1/English Tastes Sweat of African

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The 1764 publication offers information about the trade of tobacco, cotton, indigo, etc., as well as captive Africans and the “precautions to take in buying slaves, and how to transport them to America in good health.”

# data[].attributes.body
Alexander was a British surgeon in 1782 and 1787. He witnessed a lot of Africans being traded in the Slave Trade and being hurt or even killed. It was very violent and he talked about how they would burn their faces with hot coals. This just contributes to the explanation of how violent the Colonial Slave Trade is.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Alexander Falconbridge's account of the slave trade

# data[].attributes.body
This passage talks about how Englishmen captains of the ship would throw sick Africans over board for insurance purposes. In one instance, 132 people were murdered due to this. We found this interesting because it sounds like something some people would do for insurance purposes in today's world.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Africans in America/Part 1/Living Africans Thrown Overboard

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The captain gave the order; 54 Africans were chained together, then thrown overboard. Another 78 were drowned over the next two days. By the time the ship had reached the Caribbean,132 persons had been murdered.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h1516.html

A Slave is Tortured

A girl who was born into slavery escaped to the North and proceeded to write a book about how she hid in a crawl space in her grandmother's house to flee the sexual advances of her master. She then describes how a slave on the neighboring plantation was tortured and eventually killed sometime in the 1820's. We chose this reading because it shows how slaves were treated on plantations and it shows the sacrifices they had to make to escape their masters.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In the aftermath of the Civil War, Americans -- black and white, in the North and South -- began the process of reshaping the nation. The biggest change for southerners was emancipation. For many former slaveowners, the prospect of freed men and women was confusing and frightening. Some reacted with rage, others with compassion and concern.

# data[].attributes.headline
A Negro Hung Alive by the Ribs to a Gallows (Susie,  Karah, Kaitlyn) 

# data[].attributes.subject
A Negro Hung Alive by the Ribs to a Gallows (Susie,  Karah, Kaitlyn) 

# data[].attributes.body
What is being shown in this picture is of a black man being painlessly executed for a crime we know naught about. We picked this article because it shows just a fraction about what slaves had to go through and how merciless slave owners were.

# data[].attributes.headline
Living Africans thrown Overboard- Olivia, Luke, Kylie, Zaelynn

# data[].attributes.subject
Living Africans thrown Overboard- Olivia, Luke, Kylie, Zaelynn

# data[].attributes.body
In order to reduce the owners losses they would throw sick slaves overboard. Insurance would not pay for sick slaves deaths, but would cover slaves killed by drowning.

We chose this one because it showcases the brutality of slave owners and how they completely disregard slave lives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Africans in America/Part 1/Living Africans Thrown Overboard

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The captain gave the order; 54 Africans were chained together, then thrown overboard. Another 78 were drowned over the next two days. By the time the ship had reached the Caribbean,132 persons had been murdered.

# data[].attributes.body
This passage talks about a book that was written about offering advice and hints for captains of an 18th century merchant ship. It offered information about the trade of tobacco,cotton,indigo,and other goods. It also described the precautions that should be taken when buying slaves to ensure their good health. It talks about how Englishmen would lick their slaves chins to distinguish their age and their health. We thought it was interesting, we were interested in their practices for ensuring health.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Africans in America/Part 1/English Tastes Sweat of African

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The 1764 publication offers information about the trade of tobacco, cotton, indigo, etc., as well as captive Africans and the “precautions to take in buying slaves, and how to transport them to America in good health.”

# data[].attributes.body
Group: Aaliya, Brendon, Jackson, Matthew.

Link: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1h280.html

The Living Africans Thrown Overboard is a document depicting one of the many ships making the voyage to America, Zong. On this ship resources were running low, and disease had broken out amongst the slaves. Insurance for the ship doesn't cover slaves dying of disease, but it does cover drowned slaves. The captain needed to reduce the owner's loses while also gaining profit to cover.

The captain then ordered slaves to be thrown overboard in order to get compensation/insurance. 54 Africans were chained together, and thrown off the ship. 78 more were drowned over the next two days. In total, 132 Africans had been murdered.

Once the Zong returned to England, the owner argued for compensation and even took it to court, but the case was soon dismissed.

A similar incident would occur on the ship La Rodeur in 1812.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Africans in America/Part 1/Living Africans Thrown Overboard

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The captain gave the order; 54 Africans were chained together, then thrown overboard. Another 78 were drowned over the next two days. By the time the ship had reached the Caribbean,132 persons had been murdered.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Slave Trade (Morland) ((Susie, Karah, and Kaitlyn))

# data[].attributes.subject
The Slave Trade (Morland) ((Susie, Karah, and Kaitlyn))

# data[].attributes.body
Source: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1h296.html

What is being shown in this article is multiple black people being torn away from their families, they are visibly confused and unwilling to go. The reason why we chose this article is because it gives a great look into what first happened to black people when they first became kidnapped to be shipped away from everything they knew and love to be sold like cattle and to be mistreated for the rest of their lives.

# data[].attributes.headline
slavery (Carter, makienzes, Carson, will)

# data[].attributes.subject
slavery (Carter, makienzes, Carson, will)

# data[].attributes.body
In living Africans thrown over board what basically happened is a bunch of slaves were sick and they were running low on water and they thought they were going to die anyways so they can have there slaves insured they were thrown over because they get insured that way.

in African captives the slave traders were making the slaves walk very far every day and they were yoked together. they also were not very nice to them

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1h316.html

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Africans in America/Part 1/Living Africans Thrown Overboard

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The captain gave the order; 54 Africans were chained together, then thrown overboard. Another 78 were drowned over the next two days. By the time the ship had reached the Caribbean,132 persons had been murdered.

# data[].attributes.headline
Runaway Notices (Aaliya, Jackson, Matthew, Brandon)

# data[].attributes.subject
Runaway Notices (Aaliya, Jackson, Matthew, Brandon)

# data[].attributes.body
This source talks about two 1730s newspaper advertisements from the South Carolina Gazette detail the escape of two enslaved men named Hercules and Clawss, offering rewards for their apprehension. These primary sources illustrate the methods colonial enslavers utilized, including public notices and financial incentives, to maintain control over enslaved individuals.

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1h309t.html

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Africans in America/Part 1/Runaway notices

# data[].attributes.headline
Portrait of a Negro [ Olivia, Kilie, Zanelyn, Luke]

# data[].attributes.subject
Portrait of a Negro [ Olivia, Kilie, Zanelyn, Luke]

# data[].attributes.body
Portrait of a Negro was drawn during the Renaissance by A German artist, Albrecht Dürerv. the description states: "The artist probably drew the picture from life, using as a model a man he encountered either while in Nuremberg or in Italy." and "This handsome charcoal drawing, used in the broadcast program and by this Web site to represent Anthony Johnson, was sketched about a century before Johnson's birth" Meaning that their stereotypical way of seeing has supported evidence.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
click image for close-up

Portrait of a Negro was drawn during the Renaissance by the renowned German artist, Albrecht Dürer. The artist probably drew the picture from life, using as a model a man he encountered either while in Nuremberg or in Italy.

This handsome charcoal drawing, used in the broadcast program and by this Web site to represent Anthony Johnson, was sketched about a century before Johnson's birth. No known portraits of Johnson exist.

Image Credit: Graphische Sammlung Albertina

previous | next

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Africans in America/Part 1/Portrait of a Negro

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
click image for close-up Portrait of a Negro was drawn during the Renaissance by the renowned German artist, Albrecht Dürer. The artist probably drew the picture from life, using as a model a man he encountered either while in Nuremberg or in Italy.

# data[].attributes.body
By: Brianna Robinson, Kieran Tucker, Izzy Tabor, Carson Rhoads

The Mississippian culture existed from about 800 CE to 1600 CE. This culture was located in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States, along fertile river valleys and floodplains. At its peak the Mississippian Culture had 22,400 people in their main city known as Cahokia. However the total population is unknown.

They supported themselves through hunting and farming (mostly corn) as well as using a chiefdom network to govern themselves.

The Mississippians made lots of pottery like other cultures, as well as mud mounds and carved wood, they really died off a lot after the europeans came over so not much could be found. They were however known for their discovery of the 3 sisters method of growing, corn, beans, and squash all together since they support each other.

The construction of their earth mounds, mud hut mounds, whatever you want to call them changed the shape of the ground they were working on. Their farming also changed the ground they worked with.

The Mississippian culture did not have a written alphabetic or phonetic language. They did not read or write text like modern alphabets. However, they used complex symbols, icons, and carved designs on pottery, shells, and stone to share sacred ideas and stories.

We know they had burial buildings and temples, they used a cheifdom social structure and we also know they did human sacrifices to their god. Not much else is known other than that.

They disappeared by a mix of things. Climate shifts, resource exhaustion, internal warfare, and later, the devastating impact of European diseases. The people themselves survived, dispersing into smaller, decentralized communities that evolved into modern Native American nations.

# data[].attributes.body
Group: Brayden, Karah, Suzie, and Kaitlyn

1. Artifacts found by archeologists were thought to be made from 1200-500 B.C.E. This culture existed mainly in San Lorenzo (its height at 900-500 B.C.E) and La Venta (it's height in 1150-900 B.C.E).

2. Historians are not exactly sure of the exact number of people but it is estimated to be in the thousands. The olmec built urban and ceremonial centers in the main city, La Venta.

3. The Olmec achieved many technological features such as trade route and many sculptural artifacts. What makes them unique is the was everything is designed and crafted.

4. This culture manipulated their environment by using it to grow their crops, veggies, herbs, and to produce rubber which was their key resource.

5. This culture had a symbolic system as a form of their reading and writing of which appear to be depictions of tribal objects.

6. It is said that the Olmec believed in 8 deities, each with their own distinct characteristics.

7. The Olmecs started to decline between 400-350 B.C.E. Although archeologists are not sure why the Olmec civilization began to decline they feel it was more than likely due to environmental changes.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization/chapter/the-olmec/

https://www.jyi.org/2007-february/2007/2/11/olmec-writing-the-oldest-in-the-western-hemisphere

https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/arts-and-entertainment/olmec-civilization

# data[].attributes.body
-This culture began in 2000 BC and in Mesoamerica

- Between 9.5 and 16 million people

- Yes! They built cities that were very religious (wikipedia)

- Functioning in independent political roles.

- Accomplished extraordinary technological feats like water management and science and math and architecture.

- engineered large rainwater collection systems, cleared forest for agriculture. (national geographic)

-fully developed writing system (wikipedia)

-Society was a deeply religious hierarchical civilization divided into independent city-states

-severe droughts caused drop in water supply causing people to leave

Olivia, Zaelynn, Kylie, Luke

# data[].attributes.body
The Aztecs were created in central Mexico from about 1300-1521 the aztecs included 2 different ethnic groups in central mexico. The ones that spoke nahuatl aztec culture was organized by the city states some joined to form alliances.The Aztecs had 500 small states in Southern Mexico. There were 5 to 6 million people apart of the Aztec culture. The Aztecs were also known as the Tenochca (from which the name for their capital city, Tenochtitlan, was derived) or the Mexica (the origin of the name of the city that would replace Tenochtitlan, as well as the name for the entire country).The Aztecs, often associated with warfare and elaborate rituals, gave birth to a sophisticated system of government that governed vast territories, remarkable artistic endeavors and a resilient language, Nahuatl, which over one million people in Mexico continue to speak today. The Aztecs' intricate social structure empowered priests and nobles while their economy prospered from agriculture, trade and tributes.The Aztecs maintained systems of organization of resources that would be admired in today’s society. The foundation of their sustainability comes down to their use of small, artificial islands that they built to accommodate the growing population, known as chinampas. The Aztec chinampas covered over 12 square kilometers and were highly productive due to the high amount of water and sunlight in the area. The productivity was further increased by the recycling of nutrients. Nahuatl was the language of the Aztec Empire, it was one of the primary languages spoken in a large part of Mesoamerica from the 7th century CE until the Spanish conquered the region in the 16th century. Nahuatl is part of the Uto-Aztecan language family, a group originating in the western United States and Mexico that also includes languages such as Shoshoni.The Aztec religion was a polytheistic belief system centered on keeping cosmic balance and nourishing the sun through rituals, while their society was a rigid, birth-based hierarchy led by an emperor, nobility, and powerful priests. A Spanish Conquistador by the name of Hernan Cortes, captured the Capital of the Aztecs (Tenochtitlan). https://www.history.com/articles/aztecs

https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/aztec-civilization

https://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/inventions/5-ancient-aztec-inventions.htm

https://pages.vassar.edu/sustainability-of-the-aztec-empire/

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aztec-religion

https://www.history.com/articles/hernan-cortes

https://www.history.com/articles/aztecs

# data[].attributes.body
The Inca existed from the 13th century up to 1533 and they lived in the Andean highlands in South America.

They built complex water canals and smart stone roads.

At the peak of the Inca its population was about 10-12 million people.

The Inca built a highway system 25,000 miles across mountains, deserts and rainforests called the great inca road. To cross canyons they made bridges made of braided grass and ichu reeds.

They did not have a written language, instead they used a system of knotted strings. The Inca worshipped the sun god. They mummified their emperor. Natural things became shrines, rocks, springs, mountain. They sacrificed Llamas and in Extreme situations they did child sacrifices.

They were wiped out by European disease and bloody civil war over succession.

# data[].attributes.body
The Ancient Puebloans existed from 100 AD to 1600 AD.

The Ancient Puebloans lived in Southwest America, specifically the Four Corners region, an area where the states of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico meet.

The geography surrounding the Four Corners regions contained plateaus with deep canyons, mesas, and deserts.

Between 15,000 and 16,000 people existed in this culture.

The Ancient Puebloans did manage to build their own cities, even featuring "great houses", which had multiple floors.

Along with great houses, the Ancient Puebloans also built cliff dwellings, which functioned as centers for things like economics, culture, and civic hubs.

The Ancient Puebloans did not have access to reading or writing, instead recording their history with tradition, along with cave art and pottery.

Technologies such as irrigation networks, water management networks, and even built straight road systems without tools.

The Ancient Puebloans managed to manipulate the environment around them by building stone check dams, canals, terraced fields, along with controlled agroforestry

The Ancient Puebloans religion focused heavily on nature and rain. Thanks to their position in the southwest, rain was likely not possible, so the Ancient Puebloans had to petition with spirits for rain.

The Kiva were chambers in the shape of a circle, with ceremonial and congregational uses.

Great Houses also served to track sacred calendar dates, as they aligned with lunar, cardinal, and solar directions.

Ancient Puebloans’ belief also heavily focused on spirits, incorporating masked dancers and symbols to represent ancestors or spirits.

Ancient Puebloans' social structures and hierarchies revolved around family clans, communal farming, and cooperation. Despite being organized into various different clans, the Ancient Puebloans were brought together through religious gatherings as mentioned above and farming.

The Ancient Puebloans didn’t go completely wiped out, but during the Great Drought of 1276-1299, the Ancient Puebloans moved further south, interacting and eventually being incorporated into Rio Grande, New Mexico, and Arizona.

# data[].attributes.body
The Comanche tribe were originally a branch of the Shoshone tribe, they inhabit the southern plains of the U.S. including parts of Texas, New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma and even Colorado. The Comanche was believed to have a population of around 20,000. The Comanche did not build cities and instead lived in tipis made and designed with buffalo hide. The Comanche were even one of the first tribes who had successfully used horses in their military. They learned how to use them extremely effectively in battle which allowed them to defeat enemies with ease. The Comanche tribe manipulated more of their animals and their grassland, they harvested a bunch of Bison, bison was a massive thing then too, and easy to have a ton at one time. Comanche also used intense breeding for horses because that was their main thing to travel and many more things. This couture also didn't know how to write. They didn't have a well written alphabet. But they still had a language and spoke Shoshonean among each other. The comanche had no direct central priestly class, The comanche did not partake in the sun dance like other surrounding people. Overall the religion was highly animistic and centered on acquiring individual powers. This culture didn't just disappear overnight, the system failed due to forced reservation confinement, Diseases and an epidemic along with many other reasons. Some people to this day are still in the Comanche tribe but many few are left.

All of the information was found on the website you gave us below on the doc you sent us, also helping us support our claim.

Cooper, Matthew, Makayla, Macy, Sunny, Trevin.

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.alternative_text
back in the day picture of comanche tribe horse