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A court case that ruled the National Socialist Party of America, by the First Amendment, had the right to freely expresses its views, even if they were not consistent with America's values; the Supreme Court violated the First Amendment

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The process in which the guarantees in the Bill of Rights are applied to the state governments

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A slave from Missouri, a slave state, who moved to Illinois, a free state in the Louisiana Territory where slavery was prohibited due to the Missouri Compromise of 1820; he returned to Missouri to file suit in court for his freedom since he resided in free territory

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Libel is a written defamation; slander is oral defamation

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Speech that encourages an attempt to overthrow or disrupt the activities of the government by force or violence

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A court case that ruled Fred Korematsu's decision to violate Executive Order 9066 was valid; Executive Order 9066 violated the 5th Amendment

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Racial segregation that is not supported by law but yet is applied to certain communities

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The expression of an idea or belief through an nonverbal action conveying that message

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Ruled that in no cirmumstances should racial quotas be used in college admissions, but the use of affirmative action for minority groups applying for college is constitutional

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The standard where police authorities have reasonable ground to obtain a warrant to search an individual's property or press charges on the individual

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The legal segregation of certain groups, for example the Jim Crow laws segregating blacks from whites

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A classification made on the basis of groups faced with discrimination

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Involves the communication of beliefs and ideas via something written or said and something acted upon it, for example burning a draft card in objection to the military. This is the opposite of pure speech, which only involves oral or written words.

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No one can be tried in court twice for the same offense

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The legal requirement that everyone should be treated equally and fairly in court

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In the First Amendment of the Constitution, this clause prohibits Congress from sanctioning an official religion

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a law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a trial

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A court case that confirmed the establishment of public school-sponsored prayer violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the Constitution

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A court case that ruled "separate but equal" facilities violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

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A court case ruling that the Fifth Amendment extends to the responsibilities of law enforcement authorities to acknowledge suspects' right to remain silent even during an interrogation

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A court case ruling that any evidence obtained illegally in violation of the Fourth Amendment is prohibited from being used in court

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A clause in the Fourteenth Amendment prohibiting state governments from discriminating against individuals

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In the South, these tests, which "proved an individual's understanding of English," were rendered impossible with the intention of disqualifying African-Americans from voting

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The act of favoring minority groups facing oppression over majority groups, which in certain cases is also reverse discrimination

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State and local laws that legally permitted racial, "separate but equal" segregation in the South (Jim Crow himself was a character Thomas Dartmouth Rice impersonated to perform an act of mockery of slaves)

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A law President Lyndon B. Johnson signed (following John F. Kennedy's assassination) that prohibits discrimination in public areas on the basis of race, gender, skin color, religion or nationality (we did not alleviate public discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation until 2017)

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A court case in the 1970s that ruled the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution protects womens' rights to abortion; however, this only affected the laws of 46 out of 50 states, and abortion today is still a debated issue

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A court case that ruled the state of Louisiana's Separate Car Act (which separated trains for blacks and whites) did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution; the quality between black and white train cars were equal anyway

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A court case that ruled the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution protects a defendant's right to be represented by counsel in court even if they cannot afford an attorney

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A standard of review in which courts determine whether a law is rationally consistent with a legitimate government interest, even if it is just a speculation; if the answer is yes, it is constitutional and can be applied

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A clause in the First Amendment protecting citizens' right to freely exercise their religion (as long as it does not infringe others' rights... but today can a person safely refuse to wed a gay couple because of their religion?)

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In the First Amendment, this gives the government the right to prohibit or regulate speech before the speech happens

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A court case that ruled state funding for private, non-secular schools violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment

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"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances."

This amendment protects citizens' rights to freedom of religion, speech, the press, (peaceful) assembly, and petitiion

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"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."

This Constitutional amendment protects citizens' right to bear weapons and the government's right to provide military defense; however, this right is a gray area in light of recent shootings, terrorist acts, murders, etc.

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"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."

This Constitutional amendment protects citizens' from unreasonable searches or seizures and requires authorities to legally obtain a search warrant to conduct an investigation of someone's property

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"No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation."

This Constitutional amendment protects criminals' rights to remain silent, not undergo double jeopardy, be treated fairly in court, and keeping property private

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"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense."

This Constitutional amendment protects citizens' rights to a fair and speedy trial, to be informed of their crime, to have witnesses in support and against him, and to have counsel in their defense

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"In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law."

This Constitutional amendment states if a claim of a property lawsuit is over $20.00 (now $75,000) someone may have a trial by jury, and no one except the federal government can set up court systems

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"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted."

This Constitutional amendment protects citizens against excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments

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"No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

This Constitutional amendment protects natural-born citizens' right to equality and liberty

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Written or oral words that are intended to destroy someone's reputation by rebuking or saying something untrue about them