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Trip was a great success:
-toured a ford plant in gerogia
- NY stock exchange visit
- two countries agreed to intelligence cooperation
- US monitoring stations on Chinese territory to replace those it had lost in Iran after the fall of the shah
- carter allowed non-lethal trade military equipment to be sold to the PRC

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Key elements of PD-59: Capabilities for “prolonged but limited nuclear war,” and that it gave priority to military and leadership targets, and a capability to “find new targets and destroy them” once a war began

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Carter’s foreign policy marked a shift in USA-USSR international relations away from détente, reverted back to a position of containment.

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The architects of PD-59 believed that high tech reconnaissance systems could give the president and his advisers a “look-shoot-look” capability to improvise targeting during war

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As Bzezinski explained, the “very likelihood of all out nuclear war is increased if all out spasm war is the only kind of nuclear war we can fight “

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Taiwan’s relations act passed by the US congress said that Washington would regard any non peaceful attempt to determine the islands future as a matter of “Grace concern”, but did not oblige America to intervene in such an eventuality

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Carter also tried to persuade NATO alliance and the west to suspend the East-West detente. However detente in Europe was working beneficially. The European leaders were not prepared to suspend detente in Europe. Trade with the USSR not only continued but expanded.

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Mohammed Taraki, the Afghan president, was killed in factional in-fighting. Amin became President as a result and the Soviets ‘sounded the alarm’. The KGB accused him of contacting the Americans, and Soviets begin to back opposition groups (islamists) and try to remove Amin by force.
The Soviet intervention began on 24th Dec 1979. The Carter administration knew it was coming and followed the troop build up with spy satellites. Soviets aimed to insert their power and install a new Afghan leader. Some US analysts believe the real objective of the Red Army operation were ports on the Indian Ocean and control of the Gulf’s oil.

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An end to détente allowed the USA to rearm and to gain a strong position in the Persian gulf

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Deng criticised the new US-Soviet treaty to limit strategic arms which the Carter Administration is on the point of completing. And he praised a recent letter sent to Mr Carter by 170 retired American generals and admirals which criticised the treaty. He said that in the near future the Soviet Union strategic force might surpass that of the United States.

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Dang said that the United States and China were "duty bound to work together" in order to maintain peace, security and stability

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USSR believed that USA end to détente because of intervention in Afghanistan 1980

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When Deng arrived to the whitehouse outside the gates, demonstrators waved the Chinese nationalist banner and called for a "free China" and a "boycott of the Red Emperors."

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Carter went on to announce increased defence budget 1981, in effect linking americas relation with the Soviet Union to USSR presence in Afghanistan.

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PD-59 sought a nuclear force posture that ensured a “high degree of flexibility, enduring survivability, and adequate performance in the face of enemy actions”. If deterrence failed, the UNITED States “must be capable of fighting successfully so that the adversary would not achieve his war aims and would suffer costs that are unacceptable”. To make that feasible, PD-59 called for pre-planned nuclear strike options and capabilities for rapid development of target plans against such key target categories as “military and control targets”, including nuclear forces, command- and -control , stationary and mobile military forces, and industrial facilities that supported the military.

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Brzezinski’s ingenious arrangement on the continuous matter of arms sales under which the US would maintain its own embargo on China, but would encourage its European allies to sell weapons to PRC

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On January 29, 1979, Deng Xiaoping, deputy premier of China, meets President Jimmy Carter, and together they sign historic new accords that reverse decades of U.S. opposition to the People's Republic of China. DengXiaoping lived out a full and complete transformation of China.

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Some argued PD would aggravate Cold War tensions by increasing soviet fears about vulnerability and raising pressures for launch on warning in a crisis

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On 23rd January (Imi’s birthday) 1980, the president unveiled the so called Carter Doctrine for the defence of the Persian Gulf
The Carter Doctrine translated into an American commitment to prevent any further Soviet advance into the Persian Gulf area and Southwest Asia. It emphasised the prospect of a military solution to any such expansionism and therefore focused on building up US strategic forces. It reinforced the need for the USA to strengthen its relations with China.

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Carter referred to intervention as a breach of protocol and threat to international peace.

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PD-59 raised controversy that alleged changes in US strategy might lower the threshold of a decision by either side to go nuclear, which could inject dangerous uncertainty into the already fragile strategic balance

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Carter set out a series of measures in an address to the nation including:
-deferral of action on cultural and economic exchanges
-major restrictions on Soviet fishing privileges in US waters
-ban on sale of hi-tech and strategic arms to soviets
-an embargo on sales of grain to USSR
-US military & economic assistance to Pakistan to enhance states security

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PD-59 was signed during a period of heightened Cold War tensions owing to the soviet invasion of Afghanistan, greater instability in the Middle East, and earlier strains over China policy , human rights, the Horn of Africa and euromissiles

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In early 1979, Deng undertook an official visit to the United States, meeting President Jimmy Carter in Washington as well as several Congressmen. The Chinese insisted that former President Richard Nixon be invited to the formal White House reception, a symbolic indication of their assertiveness on the one hand, and their desire to continue with the Nixon initiatives on the other. During the visit, Deng visited the Johnson space centre in Houston well as the headquarters of Coca-Cola and Boeing in Atlanta and Seattle, respectively. With these visits so significant, Deng made it clear that the new Chinese regime's priorities were economic and technological development.

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The USA feared that Khomeini’s regime would collapse and leave Iran velnerable to leftish and even communist influences. This could further reinforce the Soviet Union regional influence. Soviet links with Afghanistan began to assume greater importance for the USA.
At a summit meeting with Brezhnev, Predident Carter highlighted the USA’s growing concerns. He emphasised that the USA had not interfered in the internal affairs of Afghanistan and he did not expect the USSR to do so either.

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In April 1978, a coup led to the overthrow of Mohammed Daoud Khan, a cousin of the former King of Afghan. The coup, led by the PDPA (leftist People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan), led to the invasion of Afghanistan in Dec 1979.
The PDPA regime was an ally of the Soviet Union, but it rapidly began to fragment. Ultimately a faction within it, led to Hafizullah Amin, gained control. The Soviets were concerned that the regime was rapidly alienating many Afghans and this could lead to instability. They also believed that Amin might realign with the USA, Pakistan and China. Essentially, the country would befome a threat on the Soviet border. The Soviets were in danger of losing their strategic, ideological, political and economic influence in Afghanistan.

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Group 4- The USA’s reaction to Afghanistan 

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Group 4- The USA’s reaction to Afghanistan 

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Only became important to the USA when in Iran, the pro-American regime was overthrown by anti-American Islamic fundermentalists led by Aytollah Rubolla Khomeini.

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Yo

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PD-59 was the presidential directive signed by President Jimmy Carter on 25th July 1980 aimed at giving the US President more flexibility in planning for and executing a nuclear war

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The Soviets were in danger of losing influence in Afghan
-originally supported PDPA regime however a splinter faction of it was unreliable (led by Hafizullah Amin) and they were worried it would relalign Afghan with the US/Pakistan/China

-largely geostrategic significance - shared boarder with Muslim Central Asian republics of USSR/socialist state and regional ally (couldn’t be lost to US as would be an ideological failure)
- effectively a buffer state for the USSR -therefore seen as a ‘security necessity’
-viewed their actions in line with the Basic Principles of détente (1972) (saw agreement as ackn
owledgement that the interests of the powers needed to be maintained if action was defensive)
- didn’t view actions as having any implications for the US.

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•Mao’s priorities by the start of the 1970’s was the economic development of China.
•Development rather than evolution became his focus, with closer links to the US facilitating this.
•Deng emphasised the centrality in terms of china’s interests of economics over revolutionary theory.
•Nixon’s visit to China in 1972 brought Sino-Us confrontation to an end, but formal diplomatic relations did not immediately follow.
•Carter took the view that China must be a central element of the USA’s global strategy.
•A similiar view was taken by Deng
•an obstacle to the normalisation of Sino-American relations was Taiwan.
•For China, the USA’s lasting support for Taiwan was a blatant interference in China’s internal affairs.
•December 1978- China and the US reached an agreement on Taiwan.
•Deng conceded on China’s demand that the US should cease to aid Taiwan militarily.
•Deng assured the US that the Taiwan issue would be resolved peacefully.
•Formal diplomatic relations between China and the US were agreed and would take effect from jan 1 1979.
•Between Jan29 and Feb4 1969, Deng visited the USA.
•For Deng, the establishment of positive Sino-American relations gave China access to the US-dominated global markets.
•For Carter, the relationship strengthened the US’s ability to manage the development of the USSR as a growing threat to US interest.