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Hudson River
1947-1977
General Electric discharged and dumped PCB
Point source
Range of harmful effects to wildlife and people who eat fish or drink water
Helped pass the Clean Water Act
Response: Extensive remediation began 1970’s with wastewater discharge permits and sediment removal operations
Still being cleaned up today

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Gulf of Mexico
Began 1970’s
Low oxygenated areas caused by nutrient pollution from human activities - Eutrophication
increased phytoplankton and algael bloom
Nonpoint source
Killed fishing areas, coastal, and marine life
Dead zone is still to persist for decades

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Near Niagara Falls in New York
Started 1940’s
In 1940’s chemical waste was buried underground and residential areas, including schools, were built on top
Chemicals benzene, chloroform, and types of PCB were found
Created birth defects, miscarriages, leukemia, and chromosome damage
Point source
Activism by residents, mainly women, was active via rallies and protests
Result: transport waste to sewers, home sump pumps were sealed off
Jimmy Carter for the first time in history allocated “federal health emergency” funds for not a natural disaster

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Gulf of Alaska
March 24, 1989
Exxon Tanker ran aground on Bligh Reef. The captain was drinking and the first mate didn’t have a legal sailing liscense.
Point source
Dispersed 11 million gallons of crude oil
Exterminated native wildlife, including killer whales
Response: U.S. passed Oil Pollution Act
Volunteer, chemical dispersants, and skimmers were used for cleanup
Water hoses were also used, however, they removed oil from the rock which damaged plants and animals

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Wisconsin
1993
Worlds largest waterborne disease outbreak
Point source
Cryptosporidium oocysts passed through one filet ration system, affecting all other water sources
Plant was shutdown
Led to Clean Watr Act
1.61 million residents contracted crampls, fever, and diarrhea. They suffered from dehydration, and attributed to some deaths

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West Virginia
January 9, 2014
Freedom Indistries leaked 10,000 gallons of methanol into Elk River
Point source
Up to 30,000 residents within 9 counties were without access to drinking water
170+ people were affected, and 14 were hospitalized
Aquatic life reportedly not affected
Chemical Treatment was used - carbon treatment

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Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, Ohio
1868 started. June 22, 1969 was the biggest fire
Industries dumped wastewater into the river, and the chemicals made the river catch on fire
Non point source
Led to the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972 and passage of the National Environmental Policy Act
Cost millions, and killed 5 people

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Coal Ash Pond Drinking Water Contamination

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Coal Ash Pond Drinking Water Contamination

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North Carolina
2015
Multiple Duke Energy coal ash sites had contaminated wells that seeps with carcinogens
Non point source
Coal ash contains chromium, a toxic chemical, that caused some residents and workers to experience cancer and other diseases
Still seeking cleanup approval

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Pacific Gas & Electric Chromium Contamination 

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Pacific Gas & Electric Chromium Contamination 

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Hinckley, California
1952-1966
Used Chromium-6 to fight corrosion towers water and water was discharged to unlined ponds, penetrating groundwater, resulting in hexavalent chromium pollution
Point source
1977 California passed a law regulating chromium-6
C-6 causes damage to several organs and different types of cancer, along with birth defects
PG&E paid for the cleanup - unsuccessful attempts (contaminated plume kept growing) lead to them buying up houses and destroying them

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Mine in Silverton, Colorado
August 5, 2015
While excavating, pressurized water began leaking above the mine tunnel, and 3 million gallons of stored water into Cement Creek, releasing metals (lead), and toxic elements such as arsenic, iron, zinc, and copper
Point source
EPA took responsibility, but wouldn’t pay for the damages. Set up water treatment plans
Navajo Nation had no access to drinking water
Damaged crops and livestock are still affected today

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U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina
1953-1987
People living on this base were potentially exposed to drinking water contaminated with industrial solvents, benzene, and other chemicals
Non-point source
Humans contracted : leukemia, cancers, lymphoma, Parkinson’s, ALS, and more
Response: Apologize and Receive free treatment
Shut off the well due to the possible runoff and underground fuel storage tank leaks

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Gulf of Mexico
April 20,2010 - September 19, 2010
A surge of natural gas blasted through a concrete core recently installed in order to seal the well for later use. The core was likely to weak to withstand pressure.
Point source
Largest marine oil spill in history
About 1,300 miles of U.S. Gulf Clast covered in oil (around 200 million gallons of oil were spilled)
Cleaned up by use of booms

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Woburn Massachusetts
1960’s and 1970’s
Toxic waste wa slumped by two factories into water supply
Point source
Cost multiple lives
Shut down wells
Children were struck with leukemia, and some died from it