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reference: https://www.slideshare.net/kiranba/3-neuropsychology-of-human-behaviour-6787981

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THE ROLE OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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THE ROLE OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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The role of the autonomic nervous system is to regulate homeostatic mechanisms in the body, which is also part of what the endocrine system does. t also regulates many of the internal organs system through the circuits that resembles the reflexes described in the somatic nervous system. The autonomic system is associated with involuntary responses, such as those related to homeostasis. It also targets the cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as the glandular tissue, through a balance of two divisions. The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic division, which mainly responds to threats and gives the readiness to either confront the threat or run from it. This division is also called the fight or flight response. The sympathetic division causes the heart and breathing rate to increase, also causing sweat gland secretion to increase, hereby causing blood flow to the skeletal muscle to increase and blood flow to the digestive system to decrease, when the heart receives connection from it. The other division is called the parasympathetic division, which slows the heart rate, as it conserves energy, and increases intestine and gland activity, then relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract. This division is also called rest and digest, as it controls the body's response while at rest. The parasympathetic division causes the heart rate to decrease, hereby increasing stomach movement and secretion. The autonomic nervous system is instrumental in homeostatic mechanisms in the body by balancing both divisions.
I chose this source because it provides credible information that relates and can be used in my work. The figure below illustrates the connections of parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

References:https://cnx.org/resources/bd879970514f24d2e16d7d777cf72f983f78f85f/1503_Connections_of_the_Parasympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg
https://www.slideshare.net/kiranba/3-neuropsychology-of-human-behaviour-6787981
https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@12.8:kQtsmOFO@9/Divisions-of-the-Autonomic-Nervous-System

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Voluntary action is controlled by the forebrain only, whereas reflex action is controlled by either the brain or the spinal cord.
Voluntary action acts as a slow response, due to many cells & synapses being involved, and its controlled by the cerebrum(forebrain), whereas reflex action has a fast response and is initiated by stimulation of receptor.
Reference: http://www.biotopics.co.uk/newgcse/voluntaryReflex.html

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THE STRUCTURE OF THE CNS, SENSORY, CONNECTOR AND MOTOR NEURON.

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THE STRUCTURE OF THE CNS, SENSORY, CONNECTOR AND MOTOR NEURON.

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THE ROLE OF SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONS IN A REFLEX ARC.

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THE ROLE OF SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONS IN A REFLEX ARC.

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THE MECHANISM OF TRANSMISSION OF AN IMPULSE ALONG A NEURON.

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THE MECHANISM OF TRANSMISSION OF AN IMPULSE ALONG A NEURON.

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The structure of the CNS mainly consists of two major structure which are the brain and the spinal cord.
I chose this source due to its good image, clarity and tutor's trusted note in class.
Reference: https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=structure+of+the+cns&rlz=1C1GCEV_enGB824&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY1pCHsODeAhWKX8AKHTUWB2wQ_AUIDigB&biw=1280&bih=913#imgrc=uA8yAlHMUomISM:

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Sensory neurons are nerve cells within the nervous system, responsible for converting external stimuli from organisms environment into internal electrical impulses. The sensory neurons carry nerve impulses from the receptor to the CNS(the spinal cord and brain). The role of motor neuron in a reflex arc is to control muscle movement. They carry messages from the CNS to the effector.
I chose this source because each diagram outlines the role of the neuron in the reflex arc.
reference:
https://sensoryandnervous.wordpress.com/nervous/physiology/reflexes/
http://notes.brainshareonline.com/open_content/notes/56-reflex-actions

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Reflex actions are rapid and happen without us thinking. For example, you would pull your hand away from a hot flame without thinking about it. The animation below allows you to step through each stage of the reflex arc.

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REFLEX ARC SHOWING SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURON.

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REFLEX ARC SHOWING SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURON.

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Reference:
https://sensoryandnervous.wordpress.com/nervous/physiology/reflexes/

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PICTURE ILLUSTRATNG THE DIFFERENT STRUCTURES OF NEURON.

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PICTURE ILLUSTRATNG THE DIFFERENT STRUCTURES OF NEURON.

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Reference:https://www.bigstockphoto.com/image-76685357/stock-vector-different-kinds-of-neurons

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Reference:
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/nerve-impulse-anatomy-of-nerve-cell/deck/11119824

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Nerve impulses can travel very quickly because they are electrical impulses. These impulses result from a difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane of a neuron. The main function of neurons is to transmit signals from sensory organs such as the eyes and skin to the central nervous system, which is the brain and spinal cord, and from the central nervous system to the effector organs. each signal carried by the neuron is transmitted in the form of an electrical current, carried by the changes in potential difference, across the membrane of the axon. The synapse is where an axon terminal meet
s another cell
Reference:
https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/revision/biology/nerve-impulse-transmission

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At a synapse, neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal. The chemical molecule released then bind with receptors on the membrane of the other cell.
Many excitatory graded potentials have to happen at once to depolarize the cell body enough to trigger the action potential.
Reference:
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neuron-membrane-potentials/a/neuron-action-potentials-the-creation-of-a-brain-signal

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The below diagram illustrates nerve cells, and how nerve impulses are transmitted.
Reference:
https://www.ck12.org/c/life-science/nerve-impulse/lesson/Nerve-Cells-and-Nerve-Impulses-MS-LS/