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digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) is one with an image sensor format that is the same size as 35 mm format (36 mm × 24 mm) film. Historically, 35 mm was considered a small film format compared with medium format, large format and even larger.

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uses a sensor that's the same size as a single frame of traditional 35mm film, measuring 36 x 24mm. The more popular APS-C sensor size found in most DSLRs and mirrorless cameras measures 22 x 15mm. This means a full-frame sensor has more than 2.5 times the surface area of an APS-C sensor.

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In digital photography, the crop factor, format factor or focal length multiplier of an image sensor format is the ratio of the dimensions of a camera's imaging area compared to a reference format; most often, this term is applied to digital cameras, relative to 35 mm film format as a reference

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s a fixed focal length photographic lens as opposed to a zoom lens, typically with a maximum aperture from f2.8 to f1.2. The term can also mean the primary lens in a combination lens system.

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is a mechanical assembly of lens elements for which the focal length (and thus angle of view) can be varied, as opposed to a fixed focal length FFL lens see prime lens. A true zoom lens, also called a parfocal lens, is one that maintains focus when its focal length changes.

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A workspace, is the entire working area of Photoshop. It's what encompasses all the menus, tools and panels.

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is a set of icons or buttons that are part of a software program's interface or an open window. When it is part of a program's interface, the toolbar typically sits directly under the menu bar. For example, Adobe Photoshop includes a toolbar that allows you to adjust settings for each selected tool.

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is both the board on which an artist puts selected colors and also the set of colors themselves. In the case of pre-created images such as photographs someone else has taken, you don't choose the colors that were captured initially, but you can control which colors are saved for transmission.

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is a graphical control element which contains drop-down menus. The menu bar'spurpose is to supply a common housing for window- or application-specific menus which provide access to such functions as opening files, interacting with an application, or displaying help documentation or manuals.

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is used to choose settings for each tool , opacity, fade distance, blending mode. Options on the bar change depending on which tool is currently chosen, and your choices will remain in effect until you change them.

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Saturation defines the intensity of a hue. Vivid primary colours are highly saturated, while pastel colours are unsaturated.

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In photography and image processing, color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors.

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The move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys. The move tool is located at the top right of the Photoshop Toolbox. When the move tool is selected, click and drag anywhere in the image.

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The zoom tool is used for magnifying a selected part of the image. The first option is called Auto-resize window. By default it's disabled. By enabling it, it will resize the window according to the size of the magnified area.

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helps you to move around in an image document quickly and works similarly to a scroll bar, enabling you to do your work more quickly. The Hand tool is more of a function than an actual tool because you rarely need to click the Hand tool to use it.

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cuts out a defined area deleting or hiding the rest of an image: In the Toolbox, select the Crop Tool, click on the image and draw a rectangle holding mouse's button pressed. When you release the button a bounding box appears. You can move, resize and rotate it.

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The Pixel Aspect Ratio is simply a fancy way of saying what the length of one side of a pixel is in relation to the length of the other. If the ratio is 1:1 it means that each side of the pixel is the same length as the other, in other words the pixel is a square.

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Cropping is the process of removing portions of a photo to create focus or strengthen the composition. Use the Crop tool to crop and straighten photos in Photoshop. The Crop tool is non-destructive, and you can choose to retain the cropped pixels to optimize the crop boundaries later.

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that is similar in color value to the pixels you click. You can fill an area with the foreground color or a pattern. Choose a foreground color. Select the Paint Bucket tool in the toolbox.

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is an element of the painting tool that allows you to select a brush shape square, circle, oval and so on and also the the thickness in pixels you want to paint on your image with. As you move your cursor over the image it leaves a stroke of color.

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The lasso is an editing tool available, with minor variations, in most digital image editing software. It is often accessed from the standard main menu, by clicking the icon of a dotted line shaped like a rope lasso, from which the common name arises.

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The Magic Wand Tool, known simply as the Magic Wand, is one of the oldest selection tools in Photoshop. Unlike other selection tools that select pixels in an image based on shapes or by detecting object edges, the Magic Wand selects pixels based on tone and color.

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Polygonal Lasso Tool. Similar to the lasso tool, except that instead of holding your mouse button down to draw, left-click on various points to create a selection with a series of straight edges. You can also hold down the Alt key (Windows) or Option key Mac OS to draw freehand sections.

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You can use the Quick Selection tool to quickly paint a selection using an adjustable round brush tip. As you drag, the selection expands outward and automatically finds and follows defined edges in the image. Select the Quick Selection tool . If the tool isn't visible, hold down the Magic Wand tool .

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The spot healing brush is the default healing tool in Photoshop and can be used to clone areas from an image and blend the pixels from the sampled area seamlessly with the target area. The basic principle is that the texture from the sample area is blended with the color and luminosity surrounding wherever you paint.

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The spot healing brush is the default healing tool in Photoshop and can be used to clone areas from an image and blend the pixels from the sampled area seamlessly with the target area. The basic principle is that the texture from the sample area is blended with the color and luminosity surrounding wherever you paint.

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When the patch tool is selected, it initially operates in a lasso selection mode that can be used to define the area to patch from or patch to. For example, you can hold down the Option/Alt key to temporarily convert the patch tool to become a polygonal lasso tool with which to draw straight line selection edges.

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Photoshop Clone Stamp Tool. Photoshop's clone stamp tool allows you to duplicate part of an image. The process involves setting a sampling point in the image which will be used as a reference to create a new cloned area. Select the Clone Stamp tool , then check the settings in the options bar.

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Photoshop Move Tool. The move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys. The move tool is located at the top right of the Photoshop Toolbox. When the move tool is selected, click and drag anywhere in the image.

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lighten or darken areas of the image. These tools are based on a traditional darkroom technique for regulating exposure on specific areas of a print. Photographers hold back light to lighten an area on the print dodging or increase the exposure to darken areas on a print burning.

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darken areas of the image.

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saturates / desaturates image areas: In the Toolbox, select the Sponge Tool. Choose brush size and style. Select mode what do you want - saturate or desaturate

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is used to paint a blur effect. Each stroke made using the Blur Toolwill lower the contrast between affected pixels, making them appear blurred. ... A soft blur brush will alter pixels at varying strengths, stronger in the center turning weaker towards the edges

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Whether your images come from a digital camera or a scanner, most images can benefit from sharpening. ... Sharpen your image multiple times in small amounts. Sharpen the first time to correct blur captured by a scanner or digital camera.

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Open the image and select the Smudge tool from the Tools panel. Select the settings you want from the Options bar: Select a brush from the Brush Preset picker or Brushes panel. Use a small brush for smudging tiny areas, such as edges.

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in portraits is caused when the flash source is used too close to the lens axis and the pupils of the eye are wide open. ... Failing that, the red eye tool in Photoshop is an easy-to-use tool for removing red eye from photographs that have been taken with a direct flash source.

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creates a gradual blend between multiple colors. You can choose from preset gradient fills or create your own. Note: You cannot use the Gradient tool with bitmap or indexed-color images. To fill part of the image, select the desired area.

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are a fundamental tool in image manipulations. They allow you to selectively modify the opacity (transparency) of the layer they belong to. This differs from the use of the layer Opacity slider as a mask has the ability to selectively modify the opacity of different areas across a single layer.

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in Photoshop are a group of a super useful, non-destructive image editing tools that add color and tonal adjustments to your image without permanently changing its pixels. With the adjustment layers, you can edit and discard your adjustments or restore your original image at any time.

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Macro photography, is extreme close-up photography, usually of very small subjects and living organisms like insects, in which the size of the subject in the photograph is greater than life size.

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produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image. ... The angle of view of a fisheye lens is usually between 100 and 180 degrees while the focal lengths depend on the film format they are designed for.

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High-dynamic-range imaging is a high dynamic range technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques.

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is a reduction of an image's brightness or saturation toward the periphery compared to the image center. ... Vignetting is often an unintended and undesired effect caused by camera settings or lens limitations.

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The only difference between the horizontal and vertical type tools is that the horizontal type tool adds text horizontally and the vertical type tool adds text vertically. The Options bars for the horizontal and vertical type tools are shown below in Figure 1.