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MATTER

States of Matter

ENERGY

Kinetic vs. Potential Energy

Forms of Energy

STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
IDENTIFYING ELEMENTS

Atomic #

Mass # and Isotopes

Atomic Weight

MIXTURES

Solutions (Concentrations)

CHEMICAL BONDING

Hydrogen Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Covalent Bonds

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Reactants and Products

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Synthesis / Combination

Decomposition

Exchange

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Water

Salts

Acids and Bases

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

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CELL THEORY
EXTRACELLULAR MATERIALS
PLASMA MEMBRANE

Membrane Lipids

Membrane Proteins

Membrane Carbohydrates and the Glycocalyx

Cell Junctions

- Tight Junctions
- Desmosomes
- Gap Junctions
PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

Simple Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion

Osmosis

- Tonicity
(Isotonic, Hypertonic & Hypotonic)
ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

Active Tranport

- Primary Active Transport
- Secondary Active Transport

Vesicular Transport

- Endocytosis
- Exocytosis
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
CELL ADHESION MOLECULES

CAMs

Plasma Membrane Receptors

CYTOPLASM AND ORGANELLES

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Smooth/Rough ER

Golgi Apparatus

Peroxisomes

Lysosomes

Endomembrane System

Cytoskeleton

- Myofilaments
- Intermediate Filaments
- Microtubules

Centrosome and Centrioles

CELLULAR EXTENSIONS

Cilia

Microvilli

NUCLEUS

Nuclear Envelope

Nucleoli

Chromatin

CELL CYCLE

Interphase ( G₁, S Phase, G₂)

Mitosis (PMAT and Cytokinesis)

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Translation

Transcription

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Characteristics

- Polarity
- Specialized Contacts
- Connective Tissue support
- Avascular but Innervated
- Regeneration

Classifications

- Simple epithelia
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
- Pseudostratified Columnar
- Stratified epithelia
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
- Transitional
GLANDULAR EPITHELIA

Endocrine Glands

Exocrine Glands

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Characteristics

- Extracellular matrix
- Common origin

Structural Components

- Ground Substance
> Interstitial fluid
> Cell adhesion proteins
> Proteoglycans

Connective Tissue Fibers

- Collagen fibers
- Elastic Fibers
- Reticular Fibers

Connective Tissue Cells

- Fibroblasts
- Chondroblasts
- Osteoblasts
- Adipocytes
- White blood cells
- Mast cells
- Macrophages

Types of Connective Tissue

- Connective Tissue Proper

> Loose Connective Tissue
+ Areolar
+ Adipose
+ Reticular
> Dense Connective Tissue
+ Regular
+ Irregular
+ Elastic
- Cartilage

> Hyaline Cartilage
> Elastic Cartilage
> Fibrocartilage
- Bone Tissue

> Compact bone
> Spongy bone
- Blood

MUSCLE TISSUE

Skeletal Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle

NERVOUS TISSUE

Neurons

LINING MEMBRANES

Cutaneous Membrane

Mucous Membrane

Serous Membrane

TISSUE REPAIR

Regeneration

Fibrosis

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LAYERS OF THE SKIN

Epidermis

Dermis

- Hypodermis
CELLS OF EPIDERMIS

Keratinocytes

Melanocytes

Dendritic Cells

Tactile Epithelial Cells

LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS

Stratum Basale

Stratum Spinosum

Stratum Granulosum

Stratum Lucidum

Stratum Corneum

LAYERS OF DERMIS

Papillary Dermis

Reticular Dermis

FACTORS OF SKIN COLOR

Melanin

Carotene

Hemoglobin

HAIR STRUCTURE

Root

Shaft

LAYERS OF HAIR

Medulla

Cortex

Cuticle

HAIR FOLLICLE STRUCTURE

Hair bulb

Root hair plexus

WALL OF HAIR FOLLICLE

Peripheral Connective Tissue Sheath

Glassy Membrane

Epithelial Root Sheath

TYPES AND GROWTH OF HAIR

Vellus hair

Terminal hair

STRUCTURE OF NAILS

Root

Nail plate

Free edge

Nail bed

Nail matrix

Lunule

Nail folds

Cuticle / Eponychium

Hyponychium

GLANDS

Sweat Glands

- Eccrine sweat glands
- Apocrine sweat glands
> Ceruminous glands
> Mammary glands

Sebaceous Glands

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

Protection

Body Temperature Regulation

Cutaneous Sensation

Metabolic Functions

Blood Reservoir

Excretion

SKIN CANCER

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Melanoma

BURNS

First-degree burns

Second-degree burns

Third-degree burns

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SKELETAL CARTILAGES

Hyaline Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

GROWTH OF CARTILAGE

Appositional Growth

Interstitial Growth

FUNCTIONS OF THE BONES

Support

Protection

Anchorage

Mineral storage

Blood cell formation

Fat storage

Hormon Production

TWO GROUPS

Axial Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

CLASSIFICATIONS

Long bones

Short bones

Flat bones

Irregular bones

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE BONE

Cells of Bone Tissue

- Osteoprogenitor Cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Bone Lining Cells
- Osteoclasts

Compact Bone

Spongy Bone

FORMATION OF BONY SKELETON

Endochondral Ossification

Intramembranous Ossification

BONE REMODELING

Bone Resorption

Bone Deposition

BONE DISORDERS

Osteomalacia and Rickets

Osteoporosis

Paget's Disease

AXIAL SKELETON
SKULL

8 Cranial Bones

14 Facial Bones

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

General Characteristics

- Regions and Curvatures
- Ligaments
- Intervertebral Discs

Regional Vertebral Characteristics

- Cervical Vertebrae
- Thoracic Vertebrae
- Lumbar Vertebrae
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
APPENDICULAR SKELETON

Clavicle

Scapulae

Upper Limbs

Lower Limbs

Hip Bones

JOINTS FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES

Fibrous Joints

- Suture
- Syndesmosis
- Gomphosis

Cartilaginous Joints

- Synchondroses
- Symphyses

Synovial Joints

- Factors Influencing Stability
> Articular Surfaces
> Ligaments
- Movements Allowed
> Gliding Movements
> Angular Movements
~ Flexion
~ Extension
~ Abduction
~ Adduction
~ Circumduction
~ Rotation
- Types of Synovial Joints
> Plane Joints
> Hinge Joints
> Pivot Joints
> Condylar Joints
> Saddle Joints
> Ball-and-socket Joints
COMMON JOINT INJURIES

Cartilage Tears

Sprains

Dislocations

INFLAMMATORY AND DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS

Bursitis and Tendonitis

Arthritis

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Lyme Disease

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TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUES

Skeletal muscle tissue

Cardiac muscle tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

CHARACTERISTICS

Excitability

Contractility

Extensibility

Elasticity

MUSCLE FUNCTIONS

Produce movement

Maintain posture and body position

Stabilize joints

Generate heat

SKELETAL MUSCLE

Connective Tissue Sheaths

- Epimysium
- Perimysium
- Endomysium

Attachments

- Insertion/origin
- Direct/Indirect

Structure

- Sarcolemma
- Sarcoplasm
- Myofibrils
> Striations
> Sarcomeres
> Myofilaments
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- T Tubules

Skeletal muscle contractions

- Motor unit
- Muscle twitch
> Latent period
> Period of contraction
> Period of relaxation
- Muscle tone
- Isotonic/Isometric

Energy for contractions

- Creatine Phosphate
- Anaerobic Pathway (glycolysis and lactic acid formation
- Aerobic Respiration

Force of muscle contraction

- Frequency of stimulation
- # of muscle fibers recruited
- Size of muscle fibers
- Degree of muscle stretch

Velocity and duration of contraction

- Muscle fiber type
> Speed of contraction
> Major pathways for ATP
- Load and recruitment

SMOOTH MUSCLE

Contraction of Smooth Muscle

- Response to Stretch
> stress-relaxation respons
- Length and Tension Changes

Types of Smooth Muscle

- Urinary Smooth Muscle
- Multi Unit Smooth Muscle

MUSCLE MOVEMENTS

Prime move (agonist)

Antagonists

Synergists

NAMING SKELETAL MUSCLES

Muscle location

Muscle shape

Muscle size

Direction of muscle fibers

Number of origins

Attachment's location

Muscle action

FASCICLE ARRANGMENTS

Circular

Convergent

Parallel

Pennate

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FUNCTIONS

Sensory Input

Integration

Motor Output

TWO MAJOR DIVISIONS

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

- Sensory Division (afferent)
- Motor Division (efferent)
> Somatic Nervous System
> Autonomic Nervous System
+ Sympathetic Division
+ Parasympathetic Division
NEUROGLIA IN THE CNS

Astrocytes

Microglial Cells

Ependymal Cells

Oligodendrocytes

NEUROGLIA IN THE PNS

Satellite Cells

Schwann Cells

NEURON CELL BODY

Perikaryon/Soma

Chromatophilic Substance

Cytoskeletal Elements

- Microtubules
- Neurofibrils

Pigment Inclusions

NEURON PROCESSES

Dendrites

Axon

AXON STRUCTURE

Axon Hillock

Nerve fiber (long axon)

Tracts (axon bundles in CNS)

Nerves (axon bundles in PNS)

Axon Collaterals

Terminal Branches

Axon Terminals

AXON FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Conducting Region

Secretory Region

AXONAL TRANSPORT

Anterograde movement

Retrograde movement

CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

Multipolar Neurons

Bipolar Neurons

Unipolar Neurons

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

Interneurons

RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

Role of Membrane Ion Channels

- Chemically gated channels
- Voltage-gated channels
- Mechanically gated channels

Changing the RMP

- Depolarization
- Hyperpolarization
GRADED POTENTIALS

Receptor Potential

Postsynaptic Potential

ACTION POTENTIAL GENERATION

Resting State

Depolarization

- threshold (all/none)

Repolarization

Hyperpolarization

CONDUCTION VELOCITY

Axon diameter

Degree of myelination

Continuous conduction

Saltatory conduction

SYNAPSES

Presynaptic Neuron

Postsynaptic Neuron

TYPES OF SYNAPSES

Electrical Synapses

Chemical Synapses

CLASSIFICATION OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS BY CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

Acetylcholine

Biogenic Amines

Amino Acids

Peptides

Purines

Gases and Lipids

CLASSIFICATION OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS BY FUNTCION

Effects - Excitatory vs. Inhibitory

Actions - Direct vs. Indirect

NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTORS

Channel-Linked Receptors

G Protein-Couples Receptors

PATTERNS OF NEURAL PROCESSING

Serial Processing

Reflexes

Parallel Processing