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The Great Depression’s effect on the arts in the US

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The Great Depression’s effect on the arts in the US

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An intense period of artistic experimentation was explored during the Great Depression. The rise of social unrest during the Depression gave people the opportunity to create art that reflected something that deviated from the poverty and horrible conditions at the time. It became a way of expressionism and escape. For the first time in American history, art was deemed worthy of public support, and the New Deal Arts Funding was created. As part of the public relief programs of the New Deal, artists, musicians, actors, and writers were employed by the federal government in an effort to create jobs and stimulate art. Bands playing popular music in clubs  also struggled in the early 1930s, but with the end of prohibition in 1933, going to clubs became very popular for those who could afford it. As Jazz evolved into Swing Jazz, dancing became the rage and this time period was a success for Jazz musicians and artists during the time.

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Impact of Great Depression on African Americans and Women 

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Impact of Great Depression on African Americans and Women 

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African Americans:

After some African Americans retained their land and established farms in the 1920s, African Americans suffered the most during the Great Depression than any other minority group. “Last Hired, First Fired” was a common phrase when it came to the employment of African Americans. African Americans were the first to be cut from hours or the first to get fired. The unemployment rate of the African American group doubled. The African American unemployment rate rose to approximately 50 percent. As a result, many African Americans joined the Great Migration and moved from the rural South to the urban North.The Great Depression; however, did encourage African American groups to protest for better economic, social, and political opportunities. Therefore, the Civil Rights Movement began. Organizations such as the National Council of Negro Women and Southern Negro Youth Congress helped African Americans advocate for their social and political rights.

Women:

The number of women in the workforce grew, despite there being a high unemployment rate overall. Women worked as teachers, telephone operators, and nurses. The men’s employment rate declined while the women’s employment rose. However, in most cases women were still paid less. Once FDR stepped into power and implemented his New Deal, laws made it illegal for more than one person in a family to have a job within the federal civil service. New Deal jobs placed women into housekeeping roles. However, because of World War II, many women were given the opportunity to have better job, and this highly increased the opportunities for women in the industry.

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Latin American countries relied heavily on the USA and Western countries on foreign trade and investment due to neo-colonialism.
Brazil:
Brazil was dominated by coffee production. When the government introduced valorization because coffee prices fell it highly helped build the market price again. The government also introduced the National Coffee Council in order to control the production and marketing of coffee, it ordered cutback in planting coffee trees, and encouraged burning coffee as well. When the Production of rubber declined because South-East Asian producers were more efficient, Vargas, Brazil’s President tried to encourage the agricultural sector to diversify so it wouldn't be so economically dependent on just one Argentina:
There was a crisis in the beef industry. Before the war, Argentina dominated exports for chilled-beef trade; however, the demand fell and so the prices of the product decreased. in 1923, tariff extended protection to various raw materials like cotton to diversify the agricultural sector as well. However, the national debt increased significantly.

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Effects of the Great Depression on Canada

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Effects of the Great Depression on Canada

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Canada was hit extremely hard by the Great Depression because Canada relied too much on exports and trade, which decreased the demand on products. Unemployment rates rose to 27% by 1932. Many companies also began laying off workers because the supply demand wasn't enough, and there was also no money to pay employees. As a result, over hundred and thousands of people suffered from unemployment.

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In Canada, the main economic product at the time was wheat, and there was an over reliance on it so industries began to overproduce and supply exceed the demand. Stock markets were also extremely involved in unstable practices. The US stock market crash and Wall Street crash soon spread over the border, leading into the Great Depression.

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On November 1932, Hoover was defeated by Roosevelt in the presidential election. Franklin D. Roosevelt won by 22.8 million votes. Voters were not quite sure what Roosevelt had in mind for the country but the people knew they wanted anyone besides Hoover, who had in their eyes, ruined the economy. In the first 100 days of his presidency, Roosevelt created the New Deal policy to combat the economic crisis the government faced.
Agricultural Sector:
The Emergency Farm Mortgage Act of June 1933- made loans available to farmers who were in danger of getting their farms taken away
The Credit Act of June 1933- reorganized all agencies dealing with agricultural credit into one single organization
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)- The government started monitoring how much agricultural product farmers were producing. Most important feature was its provision for reducing crop production to end agricultural surpluses and stop the decrease in prices of these crops.
Banking Reforms:
The Emergency Banking Relief Act passed on March 9, 1933- Primary goal was to protect the larger banks from being dragged down by the weakness of the smaller ones in order to stabilize the economy. After 3 days, three quarters of the banks in the Federal Reserve system reopened.
Unemployment:
The Civilian Conservation Corps- Established March 31, 1933. Provided work on environmental projects for young men aged 18-25.
The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA): Made grants of federal money to state and local gov to provide emergency, short term relief to the unemployed.

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The was also a crisis of overproduction which was viewed during the 1920a, which was due to the abuse of natural resources worldwide.

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On 1929, a record 12.9 million shares were traded, reflecting panic selling. Total losses for the four days that this happened included 30 billion, 10 times the federal budget and more than the 32 billion the US had spend in World War I. The crash wiped out a big percentage of the paper value of common stock.

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Another political cause of the Great Depression was the Federal Reserve System, which Congress established in 1917. The Federal Reserve System is the nation's central bank. In 1928 and 1929, the Fed raised interest rates to try to curb the Wall Street speculation. The Federal Reserve did not use open market operation to keep the money supply from falling.

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The United States had entire World War I in the late 1917s, which led to a major financial situation of post-war restorations. Germany was burdened with massive war reparations, which was based on the political decision on the part of the victors. US banks were also more willing to loan money which was a huge cause of the Stock Market Crash that contributed to the Great Depression. US banks started failing and stopped making loans, because they wanted their money back. This put pressure on European economies, which were still struggling from the first war, contributing to the Great Depression as well.