# data[].attributes.headline
What primary data do we need to collect?

# data[].attributes.subject
What primary data do we need to collect?

# data[].attributes.body
This will depend on the hypothesis you've written.

It should include:
- Width
- Depth
- Velocity
- A visual record of the field site (a field sketch or a photograph)

It may also include:
-  Bedload size
-  Bedload shape

https://www.geography-fieldwork.org/gcse/rivers/river-processes/fieldwork/#primary-nav

# data[].attributes.body
We could use a transect to investigate how the river changes downstream, or how the river changes across a river channel. Both investigate how factors changes along a line.

# data[].attributes.body
Check you've completed your fieldwork portfolio.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.geography-fieldwork.org/gcse/before-starting/methods/sampling/#primary-nav

# data[].attributes.body
Always carefully consider the reliability, accuracy and bias of secondary sources of data before using them in your project.

Remember to record where it's from, who collected it, when it was recorded and when that data was last accessed.

# data[].attributes.body
Make sure you have your data in neat sensible tables. If you need to calculate averages make sure you consider which is the most appropriate for the type of data you have.

You won't need to calculate any of the average the depths or velocities because by combining those numbers will lose alot of information about the change across the channel.

# data[].attributes.body
For each graph, DESCRIBE what the graph is showing and EXPLAIN (using geographical knowledge and evidence from the graph) why it is showing this.Then LINK this to your main question or hypothesis.

# data[].attributes.body
Every year the exam board chooses one methodology from a list of 4 for the year group to focus on.

The list includes:
- Use of transects (a linear sampling technique.)
- Qualitative data collection (collecting data that isn't counted or measured.)
- Change over time (comparing primary data you've collected to secondary sources of information about the past.)
- Measuring flows (measuring a change in something usually over time or distance.)

# data[].attributes.body
What factors could affect the cross section of a river?

Make a list of all the different factors that could change the cross section of the river. This could include river processes, different river landforms, changes in the landscape, natural features or human features.

# data[].attributes.body
This year the exam board have focused on the use of transects. By the end of this fieldwork you should have a good understanding of what a transect is, when it's suitable to use one and how to design it.

# data[].attributes.body
A transect is a linear sampling strategy. The survey line of a transect usually cuts across a geographical feature.

# data[].attributes.body
Our study area:
https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@51.5704271,-3.7187858,15z

Can you locate the Cwm Phillip river? Try and include different scales:
- Within South Wales
- From the nearest town
- Within Margam park

Try and use estimated distances and compass directions to support your descriptions.

# data[].attributes.body
Line or belt? Continuous or interval?

# data[].attributes.body
Any time your taking recordings along a line then your using a transect. For example:
- From one side of the beach to the other
- From the CBD to the suburbs
- Following a street
- Across a river

Transects are particularly useful for recording change over a distance. When designing the transect try and make sure it captures these changes. (Think about where is starts and where it ends.)

# data[].attributes.body
How will a meander affect the cross section of a river?

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_8T46nc3Pk

# data[].attributes.body
From the list of variables, which ones could we investigate on this section of the Cwm Phillip river

# data[].attributes.body
Hypothesis: A prediction written as a clear testable statement

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zyt9q6f/revision/5

Think about how the river variables will change across a meander.

# data[].attributes.body
Width:
The width will increase/decrease/stay the same on a meander

Depth:
The depth will increase/decrease/stay the same on the outside of a meander compared to the inside of a meander

Velocity:
The velocity of the water will increase/decrease/stay the same on the outside of a meander compared to the inside of a meander

You could also write hypotheses about bedload size or shape, the cross sectional area or the discharge of the river.

# data[].attributes.body
Identify the hazards when collecting data in a exposed environment. Describe the precautions you can put in place to reduce the likelihood of that hazard causing you harm and how you can reduce the impact of that hazard.

# data[].attributes.body
In order to investigate changes across the cross profile of a meander we need to collect data from across  the across the river.
We are only interested in the channel (the water) so start the transect where the water meets the bank on one side of the river and stretch the tape directly across the surface of the water to where the water meets the bank on the opposite side of the river.

We kept our measurements consistent and easy to compare by always starting the transect on the left hand side facing downstream. (Imagine your travelling downstream in canoe.)

Consider:
- Where did you place your transect? Why?
- How did you decide the start and the end point?
- Was it a line or a belt transect?

# data[].attributes.body
To measure the width of the river channel we used a 30m tape measure. The tape was stretched from where the water touched the bank on one side across the surface of the river to where the water touched the bank on the other side.

To get 11 depth measurements we divided the width by 10 to get the interval spacing. Using the tape measure as a transect. At 0m across the transect the meter ruler was placed into the water (0m down), we pinched the ruler at level of the water, lifted it out of the river and then recroded the result. this was then repeated at each interval.

For example:
2m divided by 10 is 0.02m. The first measurement was taken at 0, the second 0.2m, the third 0.4m, the forth at 0.6m etc.

What type of sampling strategy is this?
Why is this the most appropriate for measuring depth across a river?
Why would we want 11 measurements?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Types of data, averages and spread of data GCSE

# data[].attributes.body
In order to calculate the speed of the water you need a set distance and the time something takes to travel it. There are many different ways of collecting this data including a digital flowmeter, a float and measuring tape or a hydroprop. We used a hydroprop with an impeller and timed how long it took the impeller to travel. This gave us the flowrate (s) of the water.

Why did we only repeat this 5 times and not 11?

# data[].attributes.body
The width, depth and velocity are all sets of numerical data.

# data[].attributes.body
Including width, depth, velocity, bedload size and bedload shape.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
wjec transects - Data Collection Sheet - nant p

# data[].attributes.body
You could be examined on any section of the enquiry process.

# data[].attributes.headline
Whats the difference between quantitative data and qualitative data? 

# data[].attributes.subject
Whats the difference between quantitative data and qualitative data? 

# data[].attributes.body
Quantitative data - Data that has been collected through counts and measurements.

Qualitative data - Any other method of collecting data. E.G. photographs, survey, field sketch.

# data[].attributes.body
Where did you choose to place your transects and why?
Why was the Cwm Phillip a suitable site for fieldwork?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Secondary sources - print A3 - WJEC transect - Nant Phillip 2

# data[].attributes.body
Data collected from another school on a different river.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Meander Study on the River Ogmore (Secondary Data)

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.geography-fieldwork.org/gcse/before-starting/planning/geographical-questions/#primary-nav

# data[].attributes.body
Suitable?

Accurate?

Correct?

# data[].attributes.body
Scale
Axis
Label
Title

# data[].attributes.body
If you use data from another group in your class or school then this DOSEN'T count as secondary data collection. This data was collected using the same methods and one the same day as yours so it is still PRIMARY DATA.

# data[].attributes.body
Summarise your findings about the width of the meander of the Nant Phillip river?
Remember to include evidence - this could be from your primary or secondary data.

# data[].attributes.body
Summarise your findings about the depth of the meander of the Nant Phillip river?
Remember to include evidence - this could be from your primary or secondary data.

# data[].attributes.body
Summarise your findings about the velocity of the meander of the Nant Phillip river?
Remember to include evidence - this could be from your primary or secondary data.

# data[].attributes.body
Summarise your findings about any other predictions you made about the Nant Phillip river?
Remember to include evidence - this could be from your primary or secondary data.

# data[].attributes.body
Use your findings to answer :

How will a meander affect the cross profile of a river?

# data[].attributes.body
Sometimes it's useful to present your secondary research yourself to help you analysis patterns and trends. Other times it's already presented for you.

You will still need to interpret the information. So use the same process as before:
- DESCRIBE what the information is showing and any pattern, trends, anomalies etc
- EXPLAIN why you think it is using your geographical knowledge
- LINK this back to your original hypoheises and overall question.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zyt9q6f/revision/5

# data[].attributes.body
Think about other measurements e could have taken and why they'd be useful. Sinuosity of the river confirms if a bend in the river is a meader or not.

# data[].attributes.body
Did your question allow you to investigate everything you wanted to about meanders?

Did you choose the correct field site for data collection?

# data[].attributes.body
Consider the advantages and disadvantages for each of your primary and secondary data collection techniques.

Compare your methods to other alternatives.

# data[].attributes.body
Evaluate the transect you used.
Think about where is was placed, the interval spacing along it and the numbers of transects you recorded. How could these be improved?

# data[].attributes.body
Comment on the strength and the weaknesses of your secondary resources for data collection.

# data[].attributes.body
Is there any other primary or secondary data you could of collected to help you answer your investigation question?

How would you improve your methods next time?

# data[].attributes.body
Go back through all your data processing and presentation. Justify and critically reflect on all your decisions. Were there any better alternatives and why?

# data[].attributes.body
Appreciate that stakeholders may have a vested interest and what affect that might have on the enquiry.

# data[].attributes.body
Comment on the validity of your conclusions and the knowledge you've gained through this investgation.

Were you able to answer all of the hypothses?

Were the answers to the hypothesis useful in answering the overall enquiry question?

# data[].attributes.body
Describe how you collected your sample. You may refer to the start and end point of your transect, the size of your sample or the type of sampling used. (4)

# data[].attributes.body
Give two reasons why it was suitable to use a transect in your investigation? (2)

# data[].attributes.body
Represent fieldwork data using one graphical technique:
- Select data from your portfolio
- Draw a suitable table
- Draw one graph or map
- Describe the trend or pattern shown by the graph or map. (6)

# data[].attributes.body
If sediment size data has been collected then you will have several piece of data from each sample point. Think about the best way to summarise this data before drawing a graph, or how can you present the dispersion of the data within the graph.