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Meeting with son Arie and granddaughter Yehudit

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Meeting with son Arie and granddaughter Yehudit

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Frieder Schumann and Silke Kargel visit Hechts Family in Israel

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Orange: Questions within our research process
Black: Biographical facts
Green: Context information
Blue: Information given by
descendants
Purple: authors, literature, sources, materials by »school is open« 4.0

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podcast on the withdrawal of doctoral degrees in the NS-Germany

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podcast on the withdrawal of doctoral degrees in the NS-Germany

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in German

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in German

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in the School Service Personnel File in the sta North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany

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Screenshot Lehramtsprüfung 2 IN Personalakte Schuldienst Hecht.JPG

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Dreikönigsgymnasium am Thürmchenswall, 1914, Museen Köln, public domain

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Otto Max Hecht worked as a student teacher at a public school (Dreikönigsgymnasium in der Marzellenstraße) until 21.09.1933 he was fired, because of the "§3 des Gesetzes zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums" from 7.04.1933. (racial resons)

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Is Otto Ma_r_x Hecht a misspelling?
On the other hand even his handwritten signature is
"Dr. Otto Marx Hecht"

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foundation of the State of Israel in 1948

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at public Oberrealschule with Reformrealgymnasium Köln Humboldtstrasße

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Otto and Rachel didn't usually visit synagogues of German immigrants and neither attended activities designated to German immigrants by special organizations that were established during the years. But Otto Hecht ordered German geography and history books to keep up to date.

They wanted to take roots in the general society that has been built. They had a lot of friends from Cologne and from "Ezra" which they kept in touch with.

Otto and Rachel spoke in German with each other so their children picked up a little bit of the German language, especially Arie, the oldest. He can even read German. The grandfather and grandmothers, who also migrated from Germany had more difficulties with everyday Hebrew and spoke mostly German, even though German culture, in general, was understandably unpopular in Palestine / Israel.

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He taught to keep "high standard of daily routine: prayers, learning, health practices"
Yehudit Shilo (Granddaughter of Dr. Otto Max Hecht)

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born 20.02.1915 in Hermeskeil

She had to work and help in the household of her parents since her father was after stroke, very disabled, and her mother ran a grocery and small kosher restaurant.

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Otto Hecht assumed he had a good chance of finding a teaching occupation in Israel, because it was a time of large immigration, and teachers who had basic training were needed. Advantageous for him was knowing Hebrew at such a proficiency level, that he was able to teach in Hebrew as well as Hebrew to others.

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Otto and Rachel had 5 children. Arie Hecht, their firstborn,  was born in 1938. One of their children died from diphtheria in 1944. Over the years they had 24 grandchildren. Most of their grandchildren are now married with children of their own. They all live in Israel, well-educated and economically established. For example, my father Dr. Arie Hecht married my mother Michal Mendelsohn in 1966, they had six children and over 30 grandchildren as well as one great-grandchild.

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"As an orthodox Jew he always prayed and aspirated to ZION (Palestine), and when he decided it's time to immigrate, this was his destination. Two of his rabbis were especially Zionist!"
Yehudit Shilo (Granddaughter of Dr. Otto Max Hecht)

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Otto Hecht went to public school, as well as Jewish studies at the synagogue or in the houses of the rabbis.
He participated in the "Ezra" youth movement for orthodox youth since its establishment in 1918.
In "Ezra" he was a group leader and got to know to his later wife Rachel Heyman.

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teacher student and member of »school is open« 4.0

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During his trade studies, he worked as an apprentice (Lehrling) at the trading house of Rothschild family in Cologne, who were trading mostly grains.

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What religious beliefs motivated him to migrate to Israel?

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What religious beliefs motivated him to migrate to Israel?

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to Dieter Corbach, who interviewed him in the 1990s for research on the Jawne school, Hecht spoke of "a general trend" to migrate

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Did he become a stateless man?

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Otto Hecht met Rachel as well as their families met in Cologne. He was her ten years older  counselor in "Ezra" – the youth movement. They kept in touch and were reunited in the little town of "Bat-Yam" southern to Jaffa, Palestine, where he worked as a teacher when all her family immigrated. They got married in January 1938 in Bat-Yam.

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sources:
- Government of Palastine, Department of Immigration, 47395, Hecht Otto Marx.
- Hecht, Otto Max, Bülows Memoiren und die “Daily Telegraph” – Affäre, Universität zu Köln, Philosophische Fakultät, Dissertation, Köln 1934.

literature
- Corbach, Dieter (1990). Die Jawne zu Köln. Zur Erinnerung des ersten jüdischen Gymnasiums im Rheinland und zum Gedächtnis an Erich Klibansky. Ein Gedenkbuch. Köln: Scriba Verlag, Seite 250.

Personal contact (the blue boxes)
- Yehudit: His granddaughter in consulting with her father, Hecht's son

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§ 3 des Gesetzes zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums lautete u. a.: "Beamte, die nicht arischer
Abstammung sind, sind in den Ruhestand zu versetzen.•
Keim, W. (1995). Erziehung unter der Nazi-Diktatur. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, S. 77.

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from Hecht's dissertation

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In: Corbach, Dieter (1990). Die Jawne zu Köln. Zur Erinnerung des ersten jüdischen Gymnasiums im Rheinland und zum Gedächtnis an Erich Klibansky. Ein Gedenkbuch. Köln: Scriba Verlag, Seite 250.

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first state examination on 25.07.1932
Teaching practice for the higher teaching post  from 1.10.1932

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From 1933 to 15.10.1934  he taught at Jawne, Jewish School in Cologne. Subjects: history, geography and jewish subjects

Foto of Jawne and headmaster Klibansky

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Has his doctorate been withdrawn?

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We could not clarify when his German Citizenship and thus his doctoral degree has been withdrawn.
That he already worked abroad in 1934, Germany considered as betrayal and reason to withdraw his citizenship and consequently his doctoral degree according to the laws in the green box on the left side

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Between 1934 and 1938 Otto Hecht was a teacher in an orthodox school in bat-yam. In the first years, he taught in elementary school.
Later Otto Hecht was a teacher in Jerusalem, in a school called Chorev as a high school teacher. Chorev school was established in 1935 by a group of orthodox immigrants (olim) from Germany. In the first years, he taught in elementary school. In the 50's he also started to teach in an ultra-orthodox girl's high school called "Beit Yaakov". In high school, he taught his favorite subjects: geography and history.

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Aliyah as escape, hope, challenge

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withdrawal of citizenship and doctoral degree

14.07.1933 „Gesetz über den Widerruf von Einbürgerungen und die Aberkennung der deutschen Staatsangehörigkeit“

„Richtlinien des Reichserziehungsministers für die Entziehung von Doktorgraden […] vom 17.7.1934“

07.06.1939  „Gesetz über die Führung akademischer Grade“

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Otto and Rachel "indeed suffered Anti-Semitism and the fear of persecution of Jewish People in Germany. [...] It was clear that they have no future in Germany and they came to Israel and not to USA (like one of his siblings) because of religious motives. [...] All the family left Germany before the shoa"

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Otto and Rachel "indeed suffered Anti-Semitism and the fear of persecution of Jewish People in Germany. [...] It was clear that they have no future in Germany and they came to Israel and not to USA (like one of his siblings) because of religious motives. [...] All the family left Germany before the shoa"

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Yehudit Shilo (Granddaughter of Dr. Otto Max Hecht)

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His dissertation is printed in 1934 by "Druckerei W. May" in Cologne. It can be bought as a book

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bülows memoiren und die "daily telegraph" - affäre

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„Bülows Memoiren und die "Daily Telegraph" - Affäre" (Hecht Otto Max) - Buch gebraucht kaufen - A01CVzr301ZZC

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"Bülows Memoiren und die "Daily Telegraph" - Affäre" von Hecht Otto Max jetzt gebraucht bestellen ✓ Preisvergleich ✓ Käuferschutz ✓ Wir ♥ Bücher!

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Did he withdraw his German citizenship before the German administration?

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They receive the certificate of naturalization - document in English, Hebrew and Arabic

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Dr. Jens Cohn and
Dr. Herbert Glücksmann support their application formally

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Dr. Otto Max & Rachel Hecht

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On the right, Dr. Ludwig Hecht, then Elsa Wolf (nee Hecht), Alfred Hecht and last one Otto Hecht.

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All his life he was a teacher. The first years were quite tough. Shortage was everywhere until the mid 50's, because of second world war and then independence war in Israel. There always was a security tension, starting 1936-1939, "the great Arab rebellion". There also was tension between the Jews and the British mandate, who prevented immigration and buying lands in Palestine until 1948.

World war 2 did not take place in Palestine, but there was a great fear from a German occupation from northern Africa (Rommel).

Anyway, life was very tough, and Otto gave private lessons to add more income. In the summertime they rented one of their three rooms to summer campers.

In the coming years the state of Israel developed and the economy, and life became comfortable. It will be true to say that both Otto and Rachel (and their parents) quickly adapted even to the food and didn't miss Germany much.

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invitation for his disputatio - oral exam for the dissertation - on 12.05.1934

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Dr. Otto Max & Rachel just before their marriage in 1938

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In Israel his PhD is acknowleged

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"Dr. Otto Marx Hecht" and his wife Rachel Hecht apply for Palestinian citizenship

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Opening hours and research assistance: Sunday - Thursday, 09:00-15:00. The reading room is closed on Jewish holidays from the day before each holiday (""holiday eves""). During the long holidays of Succot (Tabernacles) and Pesach (Passover) it is closed for 9 days. It is also closed every year for the summer vacation in August.

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»school is open« 4.0 with the collaboration of Yehudit Shilo and Dr. Arie Hecht - granddaughter and son of Dr. Otto Max Hecht

within the project "100 years of aliyah by alumni of the University of Cologne| stories of immigration to Israel" with Prof.' Dr.' Gudrun Hentges

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first entry into Mandate Palestine

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application for his dissertation

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admission for his dissertation at the University of Cologne

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dissertation at the University of Cologne:
(Reichs-Chancellor) Bülow's memoirs and the "Daily Telegraph"-affair

supervised by Prof. Ziekursch

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1923: 2 semester (see below)
1924: commercial apprenticeship
Summer semester 1928: study of geography, history, geology, english philology, philosphy, psychology, and pedagogy  at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Cologne

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submitted photo of Dr. Otto Max Hecht for the application for Palestinian citizenship

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סבא מרדכי התאזרחות בפלשתינה

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Dr. Otto Max Hecht dies

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Otto Max Hecht is born