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The second great awakening was a protestant religious revival in the early 19th century in America.
This movement caused new denominations to be formed, and led to many reforms in education, prisons/mentally ill, women's rights, etc.

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During the Second Great Awakening (around the 1820s) new denominations of Christianity began to gain popularity. In America, Baptist,
Methodist, and Presbyterian religious followers began to arise. The new denominations were a reaction to the Christianity skeptics and the rational Christians.

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During the second great awakening, many movements grew to further implement beliefs in everyday life.
Temperance: during the early 1800s, encouraged Americans to reduce the amount of alcohol consumed
Prison Reform: improve conditions in prison and allow for more effective time imprisoned
Mentally Ill: lead by Dorothea Dix to get the mentally ill out of prisons and into mental hospitals for help

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Transcendentalism: a philosophical movement in reaction to the rationalism. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were central people. Taught that divinity is above all.
Utopias: New Harmony (focused on philopsophy) and Oneida (known for the complex marriage) were well known Utopian societies during the 1800s
Women’s Suffrage: began in 1848 with a women's rights movement, they realized that in order for change to happen, women needed to win the right to vote.

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Common School: Horace Mann led this movement to provide free/public education, to educate teachers, and to establish state control over said schools.

The Mormon Trek: Joseph Smith created mormonism, a religion that forbids alcohol & other addictive substances, believes in family for eternity, believes in chastity, all people are spirit children of God. They also sometimes participated in polygamy. Mormons are a branch of Christianity & they read the Bible alone with the Book of Mormon.

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19th Century Reforms: Crash Course US History #15

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A belief during the 19th century that the expansion across the united states from Europeans was justified and inevitable. The Europeans claimed all the land from east to west when they came to America and said it was their God given right.

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Before 1836, Texas was apart of Mexico. Mexican Law was against slavery, but Americans brought slaves to Texas. In 1836, Santa Anna took an army to San Antonio to the Alamo. After the battle at the Alamo, Texas declared independence. With the declaration of independence, the formed the Republic of Texas. Sam Houston's army captured Santa Anna and in exchange for his freedom he granted Texas their independence.

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Moses Austin lived from 1761-1821. He was the founder of the American lead industry. He was also the first man to get permission to bring Anglo-American settlers into Spanish Texas. Stephen Austin lived from 1793-1836, son of Moses Austin. He was the founder of the first English settlers in Spanish speaking Texas in the 1820s. Stephen Austin defeated an attempt in banning slavery in Texas. The Austins were successful in the American colonization of Texas.
(Moses Austin pictured)

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The Alamo, Davy Crockett, William Travis

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The Alamo, Davy Crockett, William Travis

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The Battle of the Alamo was fought in 1836 after Mexican troops launched an attack on US troops during Texas's fight for independence.
Congressman Davy Crockett, Lawyer William Travis, and 200 others were killed in the battle.

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Sam Houston was the leader of the Texan army against Santa Anna's in the US vs Mexican war. He is claimed to be the "hero of the Battle of San Jacinto" for devising a battle strategy good enough to beat Santa Anna's army & win the war. In 1836, he was elected president of the new republic, even though he was pushing for the annexation of Texas by the US.

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President James K. Polk was the leader of the United States during the time period of one of the largest territorial expansion in US history. In 1845, the Republic of Texas was annexed into the United States as the 28th state. On December 29th, 1845, Texas became apart of America expanding America's territory even farther. Mexico feared that Texas would cause war and Mexico did not want a state that allowed slavery.

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The Whig party formed in 1834 in opposition to Andrew Jackson and the democratic party. The Whig party stood for a protective tariff, national banking, and federal aid to help improve America. The democrats emphasized individual rights and wanted to explore more territory. Democrats opposed the national bank. Andrew Jackson was a leader of the democrats and Henry Clay was a major leader in the Whig party along with William Henry Harrison.

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Financial crisis following the war or 1812. Profits, prices, and wages went down and unemployment went up. Banking changes initiated by president Andrew Jackson caused credits to dry up.
He refused to recharter the second bank of the United States leading to government funds to be removed from the bank.

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A war between America and Mexico during 1846 to 1847. Started from America's annexation of Texas in 1845 and the dispute over Texas' borders. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican War. Mexico ceded 1.36 million square kilometers in exchange for 15 million US dollars.

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The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed on February 2, 1848 and ended the American vs Mexican War. The treaty also ensured that America had complete control over Texas, New Mexico, and California.

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The gold rush was a period of time from 1848-1855 where thousands of people moved to California to pursue gold. This movement produced millions of dollars for the California region and America.

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The life of miners during the 1848 gold rush in California was lonely and put them in physical danger. There was a lack of shelter and sanitation. Crime rates were very high in the area where miners stayed in tents.

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Businesses Created in California to Support Miners

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Businesses Created in California to Support Miners

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Most of the profit during the California gold rush was made by business owners. Businesses made their money mainly by selling mining tools, but they also sold food & other merchandise. Some women even started teaching the children of miners.
Levi's jeans were designed during this period to provide durable, comfortable pants that miners couldn't find easily.
Wells Fargo was founded to provide stability for the miners in the form of a bank.