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Gandhi returned to India in January 1915 and successfully organized satyagraha movements in various places.

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This act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

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 Jallianwalla Bagh Incident (April 13th 1919)

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 Jallianwalla Bagh Incident (April 13th 1919)

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On this day a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh. Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.

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A Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919. A young generation of Muslim leaders discussed with Gandhi the possibility of a united mass action.

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At the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, this movement was adopted. The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921 in which various social groups participated.

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Students left government-controlled schools and colleges, teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. Foreign goods were boycotted and liquor shops were picketed.

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This movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons. Khadi cloth was more expensive and poor people couldn't buy it and the boycott of British institutions was a problem.

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In Awadh, the movement was against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses. The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, etc.

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Plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers left the plantations and headed home. They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way, they were caught by the police and beaten up.

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Call-off of the Non-Cooperation Movement (1922)

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Call-off of the Non-Cooperation Movement (1922)

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At Chauri Chaura, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police. Hearing of the incident, Mahatma Gandhi called a halt to the Non-Cooperation Movement.

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Incidents Leading to the Civil Disobedience Movement

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Incidents Leading to the Civil Disobedience Movement

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Some leaders felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils. When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’. In December 1929, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’.

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This march was from Sabarmati ashram to Dandi. On 6 April they reached Dandi, and violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water which marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

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People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British, but also to break colonial laws. As the movement spread, foreign cloth was boycotted, and liquor shops were picketed. Peasants refused to pay revenue etc.

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Call Off of the Civil Disobedience Movement

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Call Off of the Civil Disobedience Movement

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When Abdul Ghaffar Khan, was arrested in April 1930, angry crowds demonstrated in Peshawar, facing police firing. A month later, when Gandhiji was arrested, industrial workers attacked police posts, etc Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked.

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Gandhi-Irwin Pact and the Round Table Conference

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Gandhi-Irwin Pact and the Round Table Conference

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Gandhiji decided to call off the movement and entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March 1931. By which Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference and the government agreed to release the political prisoners.