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Talk as interaction can be taught through providing examples embedded in naturalistic dialogs.

Talk as a transaction can be taught by offering opportunities for students to practice using talk to share and receive knowledge.

Examples or models of speeches, oral presentations, photographs, and audio recordings may be used to teach talk as performance.

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This type of talk transmits information before an audience such as morning talks, public announcement, and speeches.

Main features:
There is a focus on both message and audience.

It reflects organization and sequencing.

Form and accuracy is important.

Language is more like written language.

It is often monologic.

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Is focused on what is said or done.
The message and making oneself understood clearly and accurately is the main focus.

Main features:
It has a primarily information focus.
The main focus is on the message and not the participants.
Participants employ communication strategies to make themselves understood.

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This type of talk is used to characterize social experiences.

Talk as a transaction has two points of focus:
Information is given and received.
Getting something or someone to do something for you.

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Talking is an interaction between people. It focuses on conversations. It reflects the relationships between people, it focuses on the speakers identity, it can be both formal and informal.

Skills involved is the opening and closing of a conversation between people, making small talk and choosing topics.

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Interaction can be difficult to master and can cause learners to feel insecure and awkward if not acquired. It is therefore important to scaffold the learning process and to promote confident casual talking amongst learning.

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This is when the focus is on what is done. Information is really important in conversations like this. The message is more important than the participants. Frequent questions, check for comprehension and repetition is key here. Clarifying information is also a skill that is needed.

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Skills required:
Explaining a need or intention Describing something
Asking questioning
Confirming information
Justifying an opinion
Making suggestions
Clarifying understanding
Making comparisons
Agreeing and disagreeing
(quoted from Jack Richards)

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This is a form of public speaking. It is more often monologues. The focus is both on the audience and the message. This format is more like the written language that we see. The focus is on appropriate language and structure, presenting the information in a logical order, and maintaining a link with the audience even though it is a one-sided conversation.

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Using an appropriate format •Presenting information in an appropriate sequence
•Maintaining audience engagement •Using correct pronunciation and grammar
•Creating an effect on the audience •Using appropriate vocabulary
•Using appropriate opening and closing
(Quoted from Jack Richards)

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Teachers should prepare the learners by teaching them the vocabulary that they will need. Teachers should model the proper language use and then they must assign work to learners so that they can practice the skills they had learned over and over again. The teacher must give feedback to the learners.

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Three core issues that teachers should focus on:
- Learners' speaking skills
- What type of speaking will be addressed. Interaction, transaction or performance.
-Planning speaking activities to determine learners oral skills