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Thurgood Marshall was the first African American to serve as a justice on the U.S. Supreme who played a significant role in promoting racial equality during the civil rights movement. Marshall was born on July 2, 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland and died on January 24, 1993 in Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland. As an attorney, he successfully argued the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) before the Supreme Court, which ruled racial segregation of American public schools unconstitutional. Marshall's passionate advocacy for human and civil rights influenced his policies and decisions during his 24-year term as a Supreme Court Justice. During his 24-year term, he promoted First Amendment rights, defended affirmative action programs, and vigorously opposed the death penalty.

Source:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thurgood-Marshall
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/thurgood-marshall
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/oct2/supreme-court-swears-first-african-american-justice/

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil rights protest campaign in Montgomery, Alabama, in which African Americans refused to ride in city buses in protest of segregated seating. The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a 13-month mass protest that began with Rosa Parks' arrest on December 1, 1955, and concluded with the United Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional. It was an indication that a nonviolent demonstration could lead to laws being changed to protect the equal rights of all people, regardless race. The boycott lasted from December 5, 1955 to December 20, 1956, and is considered the first large scale anti-segregation movement in the United States. As international attention centered on Montgomery, the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) organized the boycott, and its founder, Martin Luther King Jr., became an important civil rights activists.
Source:
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/montgomery-bus-boycott
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/montgomery-bus-boycott

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Emmett Till was an African American from Chicago who is brutally murdered on August 28, 1955 for allegedly whistling at a white woman. Till was born on July 25, 1941 in Chicago, Illinois and died on August 28, 1955 in Money, Mississippi. His assailants were the white woman's husband and her brother who kidnapped and viciously murdered Till, and then threw his body in the Tallahatchie River. The murder of Emmett Till in 1955 brought nationwide attention to Mississippi's racial abuse and inequality. The news coverage and murder trial served as a catalyst for the civil rights movement to emerge and urged a generation of young African Americans and civil rights activists to join.
Source:
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-death-of-emmett-till
https://www.loc.gov/collections/civil-rights-history-project/articles-and-essays/murder-of-emmett-till/
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/emmett-till-1#:~:text=Emmett%20Till%2C%20a%2014%2Dyear,the%20emerging%20civil%20rights%20movement.&text=Till's%20murderers%20were%20acquitted%2C%20but,galvanized%20civil%20rights%20activists%20nationwide.

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The Little Rock Nine was a group of African American high-school students who challenged racial segregation in the public schools of Little Rock, Arkansas. The nine African American students arrived at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas on September 24, 1957. The students attempt to enroll at Little Rock Central High School, which had always been all white, supported by the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education ruling (1954), which had declared segregated school to be illegal or unconstitutional. However, as the nine students made their way to enter the school, a large white mob in front of school began yelling, throwing stones, and threatening to kill them, and then the Arkansas National Guard stopped them from entering the school and forced them to go home. The conflict in Little Rock brought international attention to racism and civil rights in the United States, as well as the power struggle between the federal and state governments.
Source:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Little-Rock-Nine
https://www.womenshistory.org/resources/general/little-rock-nine#:~:text=On%20September%204%2C%201957%20nine,were%20forced%20to%20go%20home.

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Rosa Parks was an American activist who helped begin the civil rights movement in the United States when she refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama bus to a white man in 1955. Parks was born on February 4, 1913 in Tuskegee, Alabama and died on October 24, 2005 in Detroit Michigan. Rosa Parks' actions and involvements in the civil rights inspired the Black community to organize the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Her fearlessness led to nationwide efforts  to end racial segregation where she was awarded the Martin Luther King Jr. Award by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Parks became a globally known symbol of integrity and strength in the fight to end systemic racial discrimination over the next half-century.
Source: https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/rosa-parks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks
https://www.biography.com/activist/rosa-parks