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- Composed of idea units (conjoined short phrases and clauses)
- May be planned (e.g. a lecture) or unplanned (e.g. a conversation)
- Employs more vague or generic words than written language
- Employs fixed phrases, fillers and hesitation markers
- Contains slips and errors reflecting on-line processing
- Involved reciprocity (i.e. interactions are jointly constructed)
- Shows variation (e.g. between formal and casual speech), reflecting speaker
roles, speaking purpose, and the context

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The function of speaking is to interact, transact and performance

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- Conversation
-Social function
-Reflects speaker’s identity
- May be formal or casual
- Uses conversational conventions
- Reflect degrees of politeness
- Employs many generic words
- Uses conversational register
- Is jointly constructed

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- Opening and closing conversations
- Choosing topics
-Making small-talk
- Recounting personal incidents and experiences
-Turn-taking
- Using adjacency-pairs
-Interrupting
- Reacting to others

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The focus is on what is being said or done.

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2.1. The main features of talk as transaction are:

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2.1. The main features of talk as transaction are:

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• It has a primarily information focus
• The main focus is the message and not the participants
• Participants employ communication strategies to make themselves
understood
• There may be frequent questions, repetitions, and comprehension checks
• There may be negotiation and digression
• Linguistic accuracy is not always important

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Some of the skills involved in using talk for transactions are:

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Some of the skills involved in using talk for transactions are:

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• Explaining a need or intention
• Describing something
• Asking questioning
• Confirming information
• Justifying an opinion
• Making suggestions
• Clarifying understanding
• Making comparisons
• Agreeing and disagreeing

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Refers to public talk, that is, talk which transmits information
before an audience such as morning talks, public announcements, and speeches.

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3.1. The main features of talk as performance are:

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3.1. The main features of talk as performance are:

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• There is a focus on both message and audience
• It reflects organization and sequencing
• Form and accuracy is important
• Language is more like written language
• It is often mono logic

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Some of the skills involved in using talk as performance are:

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Some of the skills involved in using talk as performance are:

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• Using an appropriate format
• Presenting information in an appropriate sequence
• Maintaining audience engagement
• Using correct pronunciation and grammar
• Creating an effect on the audience
• Using appropriate vocabulary
• Using appropriate opening and closing

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- Difficulty vary  in teaching
-  Some speaking styles are more difficult then others.
-Promotes dialogue
-Personal incidents discussions

A speaking activity may include
• Clarity of presentation
• Use of discourse markers,