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An assumption made by the speaker / writer about what is true or already known by the listener / reader is known as presupposition.

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It prevents utterances from being incongruence & violations of the maxim of relevance.

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- The speaker is committed to the existence of the entities named.
- Any definite noun phrase.

Example given:
"I'll leave my card," said Ms. Elyna. She placed it on the table.
* It presupposes that both the card & the table exist.

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- Contains verbs that indicates that something is a fact.

Example given:
"I'm glad that it's over."
* It presupposes that I am delighted that something is over.

"She didn't realize that he was ill."
* It presupposes that she didn't notice that he was sick.

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The use of a form with its asserted meaning is conventionally interpreted with the presupposition.

Example given:
"Norman manage to get A for the test."
* It presupposes that he studied hard for the test.
Asserted meaning: He succeeded.

"Norman didn't manage to get A for the test."
*It presupposes that he studied hard for the test.
Asserted meaning: He failed.

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Certain sentence structures regularly presuppose that part of  the structure is already assumed to be true.

Example given:
"What time did he leave the party?"
* It presupposes that he had left the party.

"Where did you bought your skincare products?"
* It presupposes that she / he bought the skincare products.

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Certain verbs that indicates that something is not true.

Example given:
"Hakim dreamed that he was rich."
* It presupposes that he is not rich.

"Zulaika imagined she was in Hawaii with her friends."
* It presupposes that Zulaika and her friends were not in Hawaii.

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Structures means that what is presupposed is not only true, but is the opposite of what is true. (Contrary to facts)

Example given:
"If you were my friend, you would've helped me"
* It presupposes that you are not my friend.

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When a speaker implies meaning without using direct language.

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"I will be driving to my parents house next weekend"
** It is implied that I will go to my parents house by car instead of a bus or a taxi.

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Something logically follows from what is asserted in utterance.

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"My brother bought two houses"
* It presupposes that I have a brother.
** This sentence has the entailments that my brother bought something which is a house & that is his second house.

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Beaver, D. I., Geurts, B., & Denlinger, K. (2021, January 7). Presupposition. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/presupposition/.

Fox, C., & Lappin, S. (2015). The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1017/9781316410875.005

Sidnell, J. (2020). Presupposition and Entailment. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi:10.1017/9781316410875.005