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Teaching students to consider multiple viewpoints is transferable to current events.

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The use of multiple texts during social studies encourages the use of higher order thinking. Students learn about point of view and to consider different viewpoints.

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Students should be asked  questions regarding voice when analyzing the text, assuming the role if literature detectives. These questions help students determine whose perspective is favored or dominant

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Writing with unnecessary words sounds important but is not good writing. Good writers seek for simplicity to reveal their style, not prose.

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Good writing draws readers in and tells them who an author is. Good writers become expert at pruning and representing style with careful word choice.

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Cluttered writing provides euphemisms and ambiguity. This vagueness benefits those in politics.

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Four Dimensions:
1. developing questions and planning inquiries.
2. applying disciplinary concepts and tools
3. evaluating sources and using evidence
4. communicating conclusions and taking informed action.

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"What did you notice?" probes attentiveness and thinking ability. Each student encounter results in meaning making by the student. Teachers should make positive comments and ask probing questions.

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Social studies instruction can have an interdisciplinary approach, integrating a variety of subjects.

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Natural and human-generated events, along with technology advancements, have changed how social studies must be taught.

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Instructional arc -> practice
1. compelling questions and dialogue by students and the teacher
2. vocabulary considerations and development opportunities
3. high quality instructional resources
4. writing requirements
5. trust so that students will take risks

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Inquiry-based activities challenge student thinking and encourage intellectual growth.

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Perspectives of events will vary depending upon culture. These differences should be recognized, valued, and discussed. Social studies offers an opportunity for students to develop respect for different viewpoints and beliefs.

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Social studies should be built upon student interaction. With this interaction comes the chance of bullying. Teachers should interweave bullying lessons into social studies content, as it is relevant to past and present events.

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Social sciences:
1. anthropology: study of people from long ago
2. economics: study of production, distribution, exchange and consumption
3. geography: study of the earth and its distribution of inhabitants
4. history: study of how people lived in the past