# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Data Protection: Fundraising and marketing in schools and education organisations Fundraising and marketing Consent Article 2, 1995 EU Data Protection Directive "any freely given specific and informed indication of his wishes by which the data subject signifies his agreement" "the [recipient] has previously notified the [caller or sender] that he consents for the time being to such communications being sent by, or at the instigation of, the [caller or sender]" Privacy and Electronic Communication Regulations How long does consent last?

# data[].attributes.body
Parental Controls

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Parental Controls on Home Broadband and other mobile devices - Set Up and Advice | Internet Matters

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Help maximise online security controls for your family with our step-by-step guide to parental controls. Internet Matters offer advice on how to set up restrictions and filters

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
5Rights | The Right to Informed And Conscious Use

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Enabling Children and Young People to Access the digital world creatively, knowledgeably and fearlessly

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
1. Images sent on sites like Snapchat can still be saved and screenshotted.

2. It's not okay for someone to pressure you into sending a nude.

3. Sending or receiving a nude when you're under 18 is against the law.

4. Not everyone in a relationship will share nudes.

5. If something goes wrong, there's support to help.

If you've sent a nude and you're worried about what might happen, there are things you can do:

Ask for the message to be deleted
Explain that you're not comfortable with them keeping the picture and ask them to delete it.

Don't reply to threats
Don't reply to someone trying to threaten or blackmail you, and don't send more photos. It can be scary, but it can help you to keep in control

Use Report Remove to get it removed from the internet
If you're under 18 and a nude image or video has been shared online, we can help you get it removed from the internet. Find out how to remove a nude image shared online.

Report what's happened
If you're under 18 and you're worried or being threatened you can make a report to CEOP. Making a report isn't confidential but it does mean that they can help to stop what's happening.

Get help with how you're feeling
Having a nude shared by other people or being threatened isn't your fault. If you're struggling to cope or you don't know what to do, talk to us.

If you've been threatened or you've had images of you shared it can have a big effect on you. Some young people feel guilty, worried or even ashamed of what happened. But it wasn't your fault.

Nobody ever has the right to share images of you without your consent. And if you're struggling to cope, we've got advice to help:

Talk about how you're feeling
Talking about what happened can help you to see things differently and let your feelings out. If you're not sure who to talk to then you can always talk to us.

Report any images that are posted online
You can usually make a report of images posted of you to the website they're on. If you're under 18, you can also report what's happened to the IWF anonymously and they can help you to take them down.

Get help with bullying
Being bullied is never okay. If you're being made fun of or hurt after what's happened, we've got advice to help.

Sharing nudes, dick pics, videos or sexual messages with someone who doesn't consent to receive them isn't okay. And it can be against the law.

There are lots of reasons you might want to send a nude. But if you're not sure whether you should or you're being pressured by friends, it can help to talk to an adult you trust about what's happened.

If you've shared a message or picture with someone who doesn't want it:

Apologise about what you've sent

Stop contacting the person if they don't want you to talk to them

Don't pressure the person to send images or messages back

Talk to someone you trust about what happened

Find out more about what should happen in a healthy relationship.

If you're over 18 and someone's shared a naked or sexual picture of you without your consent, they're breaking the law.

Lots of social media sites can take images of you down if you report it, but this may not always happen. If someone is threatening you, or has posted a picture of you online, there's a special Revenge Pornography Helpline to help people who are over 18.

You can also get support from The Mix.

Part of being in a healthy relationship is being able to say what you think without being scared or worried.

Try saying how you feel when you're asked for a nude or sexual message. If someone doesn't listen or you don't feel able to, it can help to talk to us.

It can be tough when your friends talk about sexting or say they're sending nudes. But it can help to remember:

even if someone says they're sending nudes, they might not be

once you send a nude, you lose control of it and it can be shared online or with other people

a good friend should never make you do something that makes you uncomfortable.

Try our advice on standing up to friends.

When you're under 18 it's against the law to send nudes or sexual videos of you to anyone else. It's also against the law for anyone to save or share a nude or sexual video of you. Even if it's a selfie or they're under 18 too.
Will I get in trouble?
You can get in trouble if you threaten to share a nude, even if you don't actually do it.

Only the police can decide if they're going to charge you with an offence after sexting. But it's important to remember that the law is there to protect you, not get you into trouble.

If you're both under 18 and you're in a healthy relationship, then it's unlikely the police would want to prosecute either of you.

Sexting between adults is legal. But it's against the law to send a nude or any kind of sexual image or video to someone under 18.

Asking for or viewing sexual images of someone who's under 18 is a crime.

It's also against the law to send a nude or video of someone who was under 18 at the time, but is an adult now.
Sharing other people's nudes
Sharing someone else's nudes or sexual videos without their consent is against the law, even when they're over 18. It can also be against the law to threaten to share someone's nudes or videos.

Snaps automatically disappear once the person you sent them to has seen them. But they can still take screenshots and save them. That means that they'll have a copy of the photo even after Snapchat deletes it.

Follow our instructions below or find more information at the Snapchat website.
Make a report
If you receive an abusive or worrying message. It can help to take a screenshot so you've got a record. The person who messaged you will see if you've taken a screenshot, so it's important to think about how they might react if they knew.

If someone's bullying or harassing you, or sending naked pictures you can report that person to Snapchat.

To make a report:

In the app, go to the person's Snapchat account

Press the 3 dots or the cog wheel

Press 'Report'

To report a Snapchat or Snapchat Live Story that contains nudity or bullying content:
Block someone
Blocking someone on Snapchat will stop them from seeing your story or sending you snaps and chats. It can help if someone's sending you abusive messages.

To block someone:

in Snapchat, open the chat for the person you want to block

press the 3 lines in the top left hand corner

press Block.

The way to report abuse changes depending on what you're reporting. You can find out how to report abuse on the Facebook help page or by reading Facebook information on reporting and blocking.
Report bullying, sexting or nude images
Most naked images are against Facebook's rules and naked pictures of someone under 18 are never allowed.
To report a naked picture of you, bullying or something you've seen on a live video
On the Facebook app:

select the 3 dots in the top right hand corner of the post or photo

select to leave feedback or report

if you have to leave feedback, select to report the post afterwards

you'll be asked some questions about why you're making a report.

You can also fill out Facebook's form to report an image or select what best describes what you want to report. Facebook won't tell the person you're reporting that it was you. They'll tell you in your Support Inbox if they've been able to take the picture down.
To report something on Facebook Messenger
In the app:

You can also make a report to Facebook by filling in this form even if you don't have an account.
Facebook has lots of information on how to report other types of content that's being used to bully or threaten you.

Reports are anonymous so the person doing the bullying won't know who reported it. Facebook will tell you in your Support Inbox if they've been able to help.

Have a look at Facebook's page on privacy to change your privacy settings and control who sees your profile and posts.

You can also hide someone on Facebook. This means that you won't see their posts in your newsfeed, but you'll still be friends with them.

Instagram is automatically set to public so that anyone can see your images - even if you don't know them. Setting your profile to private can help to stop bullying and keep you safe. Find out more about changing your privacy settings.

Live streams shared to your followers will disappear after they've finished unless you add them to your story. But people are still able to screenshot or record it and Instagram can't delete this.

Most naked images are against Instagram's rules and naked pictures of someone under 18 are never allowed.
Report a naked image or something you find threatening
In the app:

press the 3 dots in the top right hand corner above the picture or video

select Report

select the reasons you want to report the image.

If someone is bullying, threatening or sending photos to you via direct message, you can also report that.

In the app:

open the direct message from the person you want to report

press the i in the top right hand corner

select Report and enter the reasons you want to report them

you can also block the person by pressing Block User.

Instagram won't tell someone if they've been blocked. Once they are blocked, they won't be able to find your profile, posts or story on Instagram. But they can still mention you using the '@' sign. Changing your username can be a good way to make sure that they can't mention it.

Find out more about reporting to Instagram.

What you tweet on Twitter is public unless you've set your account to private. This means that anyone can read, retweet and respond to anything you tweet.

Changing your privacy settings is a good way to stop people tweeting or replying to you. It can also help if people are direct messaging you. Find out more about changing your privacy settings.
What to do if you're being bullied

Unfollow anyone who is bullying or harassing you by going to their profile and pressing the 'following' button

Block anyone who is bullying or harassing you by going to their profile, pressing the 3 dots (on Android) or the gear (on iOS) in the top right hand corner and selecting block

Blocking someone stops them from contacting or following you. You can always unblock them if you want to in the future.

If someone creates new accounts to keep harassing you or posts a naked photo of you then you can also make a report to Twitter.

Follow our steps below or read more on WhatsApp's website.

If someone is bullying or harassing you, or sending naked photos of you then you can report and block them. This won't delete any photos they've saved but can get them banned from using the app.

To block or report someone:

go to the chat with the person you want to report

tap on the group or person's name to open their profile

scroll down and press Report

you can also block the person on this page.

Blocking someone on messenger apps means they won't be able to send you nasty messages. Usually the other person won't know that you've blocked them. You'll just appear offline when they look at their contacts.
Can I delete an image I've sent to someone?
When you share images on WhatsApp, the person receiving them will then have copies on their phone, which they can share with people inside and outside of WhatsApp. Even if you delete a message or an image from your chat, others may still have a back-up or screenshot.

Video chatting on WhatsApp isn't recorded automatically, but can still be recorded or screenshotted. Once this happens, you lose control of it.

It's important to remember that when you're using video chat sites like Skype, Omegle and Discord, whoever is watching you can record or screenshot your conversation without your knowledge.

Video chat sites can't delete images or videos that have been screenshotted or recorded. This is because they're saved directly to the person's device.

Some sites do allow you to report if something's happened, find out how to make a report on:

People on Tumblr can ask you questions anonymously, which means you don't know who they really are. Sometimes people decide to send abusive or hurtful messages to other people on Tumblr.

Tumblr does not allow sexually explicit videos or naked photos of people under 18.

If someone is bullying on Tumblr or they've posted a naked photo of you, you can report it here.

You can also block anyone you don't want contact with here.

Tik Tok is automatically set to public, which means that anyone can see what you live stream or the videos you post. Changing your account settings can help to keep you safe and stop abuse. Find out more about setting your account to private.

Tik Tok does not allow sexually explicit videos or live streams, especially when it involves someone under 18. They also don't allow bullying in comments, posts or private messages.

To report a video or live stream:

To report a comment:

To report a chat:

open the conversation you want to report

tap the 3 dots in the corner of the screen

select It's Inappropriate

tap Report

select the reason you're making a report

press Report.

To report an account:

go to the account you want to report

tap the 3 dots in the corner of the screen

tap Report

select It's Inappropriate

select the reason you're making a report

press Report.

Find out more about making a report to Tik Tok.

After you've made a report
Not all sites will take content down straight away, and sometimes they might not take something down when you've made a report.

Remember that you can keep making reports if you are concerned about something, but it can also help to talk to an adult you trust.

Even when you've reported something it can still have an effect on you. No matter what's happening you can talk to Childline or get support from other young people on our message boards.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Find out about sexting and sending nudes: Why do people do it? Is it legal or illegal? How can someone under 18 get an online image of them removed?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Internet Keep Safe Coalition is dedicated to protecting children, families, and schools by assessing, advising, and certifying organizations that collect, use, and share personal information and data that is protected by law.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Be Internet Awesome is a multifaceted program that includes a fun and free web-based game called Interland and an educational curriculum to teach kids how to be safe and responsible explorers of the online world.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Everyone of a certain age remembers logging-on to a noisy dial-up modem and surfing the Web via AOL or AltaVista. Back then, the distinction between offline and online made much more sense. Today, three trends are conspiring to firmly confine this distinction to history. These are the mass proliferation of Wi-Fi, the appification of the Web, and the rapid expansion of the Internet of (smart) Things. Combined they are engineering multi-layered information ecosystems that enmesh around children going about their every day lives. But it's time to refocus on our responsibilities to children before they are eclipsed by the commercial incentives that are driving these developments.

Three Trends

1. The proliferation of Wi-Fi means when children can use smart phones or tablets in variety of new contexts including on buses and trains, in hotels and restaurants, in school, libraries and health centre waiting rooms.

2. Research confirms apps on smart phones and tablets are now children's primary gateway to the Web. This is the appification of the Web that Jonathon Zittrain predicted: the WeChat app, popular in China, is becoming its full realisation.

3. Simultaneously, the rapid expansion of the Internet of Things means everything is becoming 'smart' - phones, cars, toys, baby monitors, watches, toasters: we are even promised smart cities. Essentially, this means these devices have an IP address that allows to them receive, process, and transmit data on the Internet. Often these devices (including personal assistants like Alexa, game consoles and smart TVs) are picking up data produced by children. Marketing about smart toys tells us they are enhancing children's play, augmenting children's learning, incentivising children's healthy habits and can even reclaim family time. Salient examples include Hello Barbie and Smart Toy Bear, which use voice and/or image recognition and connect to the cloud to analyse, process, and respond to children's conversations and images. This sector is expanding to include app-enabled toys such as toy drones, cars, and droids (e.g. Star Wars BB-8); toys-to-life, which connect action figures to video games (e.g. Skylanders, Amiibo); puzzle and building games (e.g. Osmo, Lego Fusion); and children's GPS-enabled wearables such as smart watches and fitness trackers. We need to look beyond the marketing to see what is making this technology ubiquitous.

The commercial incentives to collect children's data

Service providers now use free Wi-Fi as an additional enticement to their customers, including families. Apps offer companies opportunities to contain children's usage in a walled-garden so that they can capture valuable marketing data, or offer children and parents opportunities to make in-app purchases. Therefore, more and more companies, especially companies that have no background in technology such as bus operators and cereal manufactures, use Wi-Fi and apps to engage with children.

The smart label is also a new way for companies to differentiate their products from others in saturated markets that overwhelm consumers with choice. However, security is an additional cost that manufactures of smart technologies manufacturers are unwilling to pay. The microprocessors in smart toys often don't have the processing power required for strong security measures and secure communication, such as encryption (e.g. an 8-bit microcontroller cannot support the industry standard SSL to encrypt communications). Therefore these devices are designed without the ability to accommodate software or firmware updates. Some smart toys transmit data in clear text (parents of course are unaware of such details when purchasing these toys).

While children are using their devices they are constantly emitting data. Because this data is so valuable to businesses it has become a cliché to frame it as an exploitable 'natural' resource like oil. This means every digitisable movement, transaction and interaction we make is potentially commodifiable. Moreover, the networks of specialist companies, partners and affiliates that capture, store process, broker and resell the new oil are becoming so complex they are impenetrable. This includes the involvement of commercial actors in public institutions such as schools.

Lupton & Williamson (2017) use the term 'datafied child' to draw attention to this creeping normalisation of harvesting data about children. As its provenance becomes more opaque the data is orphaned and vulnerable to further commodification. And when it is shared across unencrypted channels or stored using weak security (as high profile cases show) it is easily hacked. The implications of this are only beginning to emerge. In response, children's rights, privacy and protection; the particular ethics of the capture and management of children's data; and its potential for commercial exploitation are all beginning to receive more attention.

Refocusing on children

Apart from a ticked box, companies have no way of knowing if a parent or child has given their consent. Children, or their parents, will often sign away their data to quickly dispatch any impediment to accessing the Wi-Fi. When children use public Wi-Fi they are opening, often unencrypted, channels to their devices. We need to start mapping the range of actors who are collecting data in this way and find out if they have any provisions for protecting children's data.

Similarly, when children use their apps, companies assume that a responsible adult has agreed to the terms and conditions. Parents are expected to be gatekeepers, boundary setters, and supervisors. However, for various reasons, there may not be an informed, (digitally) literate adult on hand. For example, parents may be too busy with work or too ill to stay on top of their children's complex digital lives. Children are educated in year groups but they share digital networks and practices with older children and teenagers, including siblings, extended family members, and friends who may enable risky practices.

We may need to start looking at additional ways of protecting children that transfers the burden away from the family and to companies that are capturing and monetising the data. This includes being realistic about the efficacy of current legislation. Because children can simply enter a fake birthdate, application of the US Children's Online Privacy Protection Act to restrict the collection of children's personal data online has been fairly ineffectual ( boyd et al., 2011). In Europe, the incoming General Data Protection Regulation allows EU states to set a minimum age of 16 under which children cannot consent to having their data processed, potentially encouraging and even larger population of minors to lie about their age online.

We need to ask what would data capture and management look like if it is guided by a children's framework such as this one developed here by Sonia Livingstone and endorsed by the Children's Commissioner here. Perhaps only companies that complied with strong security and anonymisation procedures would be licenced to trade in UK? Given the financial drivers at work, an ideal solution would possibly make better regulation a commerical incentive. We will be exploring these and other similar questions that emerge over the coming months.

This work is part of the OII project " Child safety on the Internet: looking beyond ICT actors", which maps the range of non-ICT companies engaging digitally with children and identifying areas where their actions might affect a child's exposure to online risks such as data theft, adverse online experiences or sexual exploitation. It is funded by the Oak Foundation.
Note: This article gives the views of the authors, and not the position of the Policy and Internet Blog, nor of the Oxford Internet Institute.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How and why is children's digital data being harvested?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Everyone of a certain age remembers logging-on to a noisy dial-up modem and surfing the Web via AOL or AltaVista. Back then, the distinction between offline and online made much more sense. Today, three trends are conspiring to firmly confine this distinction to history.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
CyberPass is an online education tool that parents and children can work through to learn skills and techniques on how to be safe and responsible users of online technology. It includes quizzes and a huge range of support content for parents and children.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Children as young as nine are being groomed and bombarded with sexually explicit messages on popular social media app Musical.ly and streaming site Lively.

During an eight-day investigation, Channel 4 News viewed 45 hours of live streams which revealed nearly half of the streams viewed contained inappropriate content, directed to girls as young as nine.

On 50 occasions, children were asked to show or remove their clothing, or change into sexy outfits.There were more than 25 sexual references to body parts and almost 30 occasions where children received sexual questions or requests, some of which were extremely explicit.

No live moderation took place and none of the explicit exchanges - some lasting over an hour - were closed down.

The free-to-purchase musical.ly app boasts more than 150 million global so-called "musers", 2.5 million of them in the UK. In three years the company behind has gone from being a struggling start-up to now being worth more than $500m.

Last year they launched a linked live streaming site - live.ly. The site is intended for over-13s, but younger children across the UK can be seen broadcasting live from their bedrooms.

Viewers post real-time comments, and can even be "guested" in to live chats.

On one typical occasion the programme witnessed an 11-year-old girl in her bedroom on a Thursday morning, streaming on live.ly. She chats with viewers and asks them to "spam the hearts".

But, at the same time she is also being bombarded with requests to remove her clothing.

Footage from another girl's bedroom show young teens are live streaming on a Sunday afternoon. It reveals a young girl belly dancing to a live audience.

Comments they received are extremely explicit - there are references to their pretty faces and what a viewer wishes to do on them. He also asks them to engage in a sexual act.

Our team also witnessed a viewer encouraging an 11-year old girl her to reveal her breasts and inappropriately touch herself. The man then asks to see her knickers.

John Carr, one of the UK's leading experts on child online safety who viewed the footage told Channel 4 News: "There's no question an app like this is a magnet for paedophiles."

A musical.ly spokesperson told us the company "takes the safety of our users very seriously", adding: "We have implemented a number of measures to protect against misuse, and we are actively working to improve in this area.

"We have a moderation team as well as technology that work to block and remove inappropriate content. We have recently banned a number of emojis that may have a higher likelihood of being used inappropriately."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Children bombarded with sexually explicit chat on Musical.ly and Live.ly

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Children as young as nine are being groomed and bombarded with sexually explicit messages on popular social media app Musical.ly and streaming site Lively. During an eight-day investigation, Channel 4 News viewed 45 hours of live streams which revealed nearly half of the streams viewed contained inappropriate content, directed to girls as young as nine.