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Electron micrograph

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The ability to introduce homologous or heterologous
DNA into commercial lactobacilli enables useful research approaches, including strain improvement an
investigation into the genetic linkage of important commercial traits. The lactobacilli have typically been refractory to high efficiency DNA transfer methods, especially
transformation. Lactobacillus acidophilusNCFM
was transformed with plasmid vectors with protocols
developed by Luchansky et al. (1989, 1991) and Walker and Klaenhammer (1996), whereas transformation of the neotype strain, L. acidophilus ATCC 4356, resulted in significantly fewer or no transformants. Walker and Klaenhammer (1996) demonstrated reliable introduction of DNA into NCFM and other true L. acidophilus strains at frequencies of 2 × 104 chloramphenicol-resistant transformants/μg of pGK12 DNA. The physiological attributes of the NCFM strain enabling more efficient transformation are not known. However, NCFM appears to be better suited for genetic analysis than
the type strain of L. acidophilus. Genetic studies pave the way for future enhancement of the healthful properties of NCFM. A recent study by Kullen and Klaenhammer (1999) identified an acidinducible
operon (ATPase) in NCFM. This and similar
systems in other bacteria are responsible for maintaining the acid tolerance under low pH conditions. Understanding the regulation of this operon could provide insight into the possible benefits of delivering probiotics in fermented foods and lead to improved survival under acid conditions. Other genetic studies have focused on understanding the mechanisms of bacteriocin production (Klaenhammer et al., 1992).

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The Scientific Basis of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM Functionality as a Probiotic

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The Scientific Basis of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM Functionality as a Probiotic

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Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM is a probiotic strain available in conventional foods (milk, yogurt, and toddler formula) and dietary supplements. Its commercial availability in the United States since the mid-1970s is predicated on its safety, its amenability to commercial manipulation, and its biochemical and physiological attributes presumed to be important to human probiotic functionality. The strain has been characterized in vitro, in animal studies, and in humans. NCFM is the progenitor of the strain being used for complete chromosome sequencing and therefore will be a cornerstone strain for understanding the relationship between genetics and probiotic functionality. Both phenotypic and genotypic techniques have verified its taxonomic status as a type A1 L. acidophilus strain. It adheres to Caco-2 and mucus-secreting HT-29 cell culture systems, produces antimicrobial compounds, and is amenable to genetic manipulation and directed DNA introduction. NCFM survives gastrointestinal tract transit in both healthy and diseased populations. NCFM inhibits aberrant crypt formation in mutagenized rats, indicative of activity that could decrease the risk of colon cancer. A blend of probiotic strains containing NCFM decreased the incidence of pediatric diarrhea. NCFM led to a significant decrease in levels of toxic amines in the blood of dialysis patients with small bowel bacterial over-growth. At adequate daily feeding levels, NCFM may facilitate lactose digestion in lactose-intolerant subjects. Further validation of the probiotic properties of NCFM in humans and clarification of its mechanisms of probiotic action are needed to better understand the role this strain might play in promoting human health.

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How Lactobacillus Acidophilus is Important for Our Body?

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How Lactobacillus Acidophilus is Important for Our Body?

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Not all types of bacteria are bad for us. In fact, our body needs a certain amount of bacteria to function properly. Lactobacillus acidophilus is a form of bacteria that’s found naturally in the body, usually in the intestines, mouth, or female genitals. It’s considered beneficial to human health because the bacteria doesn’t cause disease. It produces vitamin K as well as lactase, the enzyme that breaks down lactose (the sugars in milk products).

This “helpful” bacteria is also a popular probiotic. Probiotics provide living bacteria that help the body absorb nutrients and keep a healthy balance of good bacteria. They help treat conditions like diarrhea, lactose intolerance, eczema, asthma, vaginal infections, and irritable bowel syndrome.

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What is Lactobacillus Acidophilus - How Lactobacillus Acidophilus is Important for Your Body?

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http://amzn.to/1nGPjea :In this video you would get to know what is Lactobacillus Acidophilus and how it is important for your body.Ultra Flora Plus DF Capsules is also provides provides highly viable, pure strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus (NCFM strain) and Bifidobacterium lactis.

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1.Bacillus
- Bacillus means rod like.Its shape consists of rods with rounded ends.
2.Acidophillus
-  means acid loving .It lives in acidic conditions and grows best at about 45 degrees Celcius.
3.Size
-about .6-.9 x 1.5 micrometres in size according to Bergey's manual.
4.Gram - positive (purple stain)
5. It is a nonspore forming organism.

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L. acidophilus is best known as a probiotic. The exact mechanism of the probiotic effect is still under investigation.
Adherence and colonization is one of many suggested mechanisms responsible for the probiotic effect of L. acidophilus. Adherence and colonization of the intestinal epithelium can act in two ways: (1) competition for space on the epithelium and (2) interaction with enterocytes. There is some evidence that L. acidophilus NCFM has the ability to adhere through a protein mediated mechanism. (see Current Research) After L. acidophilus has colonized the GI tract, as a probiotic bacteria it has the potential to influence the existing microbial population in favor of the host's health. (3)

Antimicrobial activity is considered an important mechanism by which probiotic bacteria act to inhibit a range of microbes that have potentially detrimental effects. It is suggested that L. acidophilus produces bacteriocins (proteins that are active against other bacteria). This specific mechanism is currently being researched (see Current Research). (3)

L. acidophilus has been suggested as a supplement for lactose intolerant individuals. When taken orally and in sufficient dosages, there is evidence for a decrease in symptoms of lactose maldigestion. Presumably, the L. acidophilus colonizes the GI tract and contributes to the metabolism of lactose during digestion and transit through the GI tract. (3)

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1.Gram staining test
The isolated bacteria were examined using gram staining kit and was observed under light microscope.
Result : It is clear that the bacteria was gram positive, rod shaped coccobacilli, occurring singly or in chains.

2.Motility test
Hanging-drop wet method was performed. The slide was observed under a light microscope with 40x magnification to check the motility of the bacteria.
Result:Hanging-drop wet method showed that the isolated bacteria were nonmotile.

3.Catalase test
The catalase test is one of the most useful diagnostic tests for the recognition of bacteria due to their simplicity.  To perform this test, a single isolated colony was streaked on a glass slide and one drop of 3 % hydrogen peroxide  was added on to it. The effervescence of oxygen indicated the positive response of the bacteria to catalase test

Result:In performing catalase test, no bubble was observed indicating that the isolated bacterium is catalase negative and could not mediate the decomposition of H2O2 to produce O2. It is well known that Lactobacillus acidophilus is catalase negative

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Probiotic -  microorganisms that are believed to provide health benefits when consumed

Homofermentative

Grows readily at rather low pH values (below pH 5.0)

Optimal growth temperature at 37-42 degree Celcius

Microaerophilic species -  microorganism that requires oxygen to survive, but requires environments containing lower levels of oxygen than are present in the atmosphere

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Popplet MindMap

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Lactobacillus Acidophilus

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Treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Research shows that Lactobacillus acidophilus can improve symptoms of IBS such as bloating and stomach pain. Lactobacillus plantarum 299v might also improve symptoms, but some conflicting results exists. Lactobacillus GG, Lactobacillus salivarius, and a combination of Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium Bb12 don't seem to work.

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Treating vaginal infections caused by bacteria (bacterial vaginosis). Clinical research shows certain strains of Lactobacillus might help treat bacterial vaginosis when applied inside the vagina. Researchers have found Lactobacillus acidophilus suppositories (Vivag, Pharma Vinci A/S, Denmark) and vaginal tablets (Gynoflor, Medinova, Switzerland) may be effective. Researchers have also found that vaginal capsules containing Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (EcoVag Vaginal Capsules, Bifodan A/S, Denmark) can lengthen the time between infections. Eating yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus might prevent these infections from occurring again

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Diarrhea. Giving a specific strain of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus GG (Culturelle) to infants and children 1 to 36 months old when they are admitted to the hospital seems to reduce the risk developing diarrhea. Also, Lactobacillus GG can reduce the risk of diarrhea from all causes in undernourished children. But Lactobacillus GG does not seem to reduce how long otherwise healthy children experience diarrhea, suggesting that it might help prevent but not treat diarrhea. Some research suggests that consuming a specific product containing Lactobacillus casei (DanActive, Dannon) might help prevent diarrhea in children. But other research shows no preventative effect. A specific product containing Lactobacillus reuteri (BioGaia drops, BioGaia AB, Sweden) seems to help reduce the duration of diarrhea in children hospitalized with diarrhea.

High cholesterol. Eating yogurt or taking capsules containing the Lactobacillus strain L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 (Cardioviva, Micropharma Limited) seems to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad") cholesterol by about 9% to 12% in adults with high cholesterol. Also, taking Lactobacillus plantarum also seems to reduce total cholesterol levels by 14% in adults with high cholesterol. But Lactobacillus does not seem to improve high-density lipoprotein (HDL or "good") cholesterol or triglycerides.

Lung infections. Children ages 1 to 6 years who attend daycare centers seem to get fewer and less severe lung infections when given milk containing Lactobacillus GG or a specific combination product containing both Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium (HOWARU Protect).

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2) Lactobacillus Acidophilus can be used to treat

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2) Lactobacillus Acidophilus can be used to treat

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Hayfever. Taking two billion colony-forming units of Lactobacillus paracasei daily for 5 weeks can improve quality of life by almost 18% in people with grass pollen allergy that doesn't respond to the anti-allergy drug loratadine. Also, taking 10 billion colony-forming units of Lactobacillus johnsonii for 12 weeks seems to improve itchy eye symptoms in children with allergies that persist throughout the year.

Preventing diarrhea caused by antibiotics. Research suggests that taking probiotics products containing only Lactobacillus strains reduces the risk of diarrhea caused by antibiotics. Also, giving children Lactobacillus GG (Culturelle) along with antibiotics seems to reduce diarrhea. There is conflicting evidence about the effects of Lactobacillus when taking together with other probiotics strains.

Eczema (atopic dermatitis). Most research suggests that Lactobacillus products are beneficial for TREATING eczema. Lactobacillus GG seems to reduce symptoms of eczema in infants who are allergic to cow's milk. Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus plantarum, and a combination of freeze-dried Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri also seem to reduce eczema symptoms in children ages 1 to 13 years. But Lactobacillus paracasei doesn't seem to be beneficial for treating eczema. Research on the effects of Lactobacillus for PREVENTING eczema is inconsistent. Some research suggests that taking Lactobacillus during pregnancy reduces the risk of eczema in infants. But other research suggests no benefit. This might be due to the strains of Lactobacillus used and how at risk the infants were for developing the skin condition.

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D) Surgery

Surgical drainage of the site of infection may be essential to treat certain lactobacilli infections. According to the John Hopkins Point of Care Information Technology Center, extraction and drainage of the site of infection is essential to treat lactobacilli infection of the gums and oral cavity. Similar drainage and removal of debris and pus is necessary to treat infections of the stomach that are caused by lactobacilli species.

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B) Antipyretics

Antipyretics are drugs that can bring down fever and are given to patients with lactobacilli infection that have a body temperature of greater than 100.5 degrees Fahrenheit. Common antipyretics include acetaminophen, ibuprofen and aspirin. MayoClinic.com, however, warns against the use of aspirin in children younger than 18 years due to the risk of developing Reye's syndrome, which causes swelling in liver and brain.
C)Intravenous Fluid Therapy

Patients with severe lactobacilli infections, especially of the bloodstream, may also suffer from low blood pressure and shock. Intravenous fluids, which contain 0.9 percent sodium chloride solution, may be given to such patients, using an IV access device like a hypodermic needle or a peripheral cannula, according to the Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals. This helps to increase the blood volume and blood pressure.

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1) Treatments for a Lactobacillus Infection

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1) Treatments for a Lactobacillus Infection

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A) Antibiotic
Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment for lactobacillus infections. Penicillin is the common antibiotic used and can be administered orally or intravenously, depending on the condition of the patient. According to John Hopkins Point of Care Information Technology Center, the typical duration of penicillin treatment is about six weeks for infections of the bloodstream and heart. Penicillin and its derivative ampicillin can also be used to treat lactobacilli infections of stomach. However, care should be taken while administering penicillin as penicillin allergies are common.
For patients with penicillin allergies, gentamicin is the alternate choice, and can be administered intravenously to patients with blood and heart infections. The John Hopkins Point of Care Information Technology Center also prescribes oral clindamycin to treat gum and teeth infections caused by lactobacilli species. It is also important to note that almost all the strains of lactobacilli are resistant to vancomycin and hence, it is not recommended to treat lactobacilli infections.

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-Involved in the uptake and catabolism of compound consist of alpha nad beta galactosides and glocosides.

- The oligosaccharides induced genes encoding phosphoenolpyruvate dependent sugar phosphotransferase systems, galactose pentose hexuronide permease and ATP binding cassette transporter

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0044409

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-glycogen metabolic pathway was proposed to serve carbon capacitor that regulate downstream carbon fluxes.

- The probiotic attribute of this bacteria include alleviation of abdominal pain via modulation of visceral pain perception

- presence of intact glycogen metabolic gene contributes to the survival and probiotic functionalities of lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract.

-The seven genes in the gene pathway are co-transcribed as polycistronic mRNA and gene cluster that designed as operon. Only 30% complete glycogen metabolic gene.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4243779/

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1) Lactobaccilus acidophilus grows in low pH which is less than 3.5

2) This bacteria is anaerobic condition which undergoes fermentation process.
- utilize sugar as substrates for fermentation, it inhibit environment with high sugar abundance.
- it is homofermentative because the byproducts is lactic acid. One molecule of glucose will produce 2ATP of energy. It must catabolize large amount of substrate to generate enough energy for growth.

3) This bacteria lack of cytochromes, porphyrins and respiratory enzymes that cause it unable to undergo oxidative phosphorylation or respiration.

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the binary fission of L. Acidophilus

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Reproduce by the process of binary fission.
Binary fission is when the bacterium doubles its contents and divide into two. It is the primary form of reproduction for all bacteria and can grow colonies quickly because each generation increases two fold.

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- Obligately Homofermentative
>Group 1 Lactobacillus species and a few other species
>Hexoses are fermented by homolactic fermentation pathway (glycolysis + LDH)
>Can do mixed acis fermentation of hexoses under certain conditions
>Do not ferment pentose
>Have FDP aldolase enzyme
>Do not have phosphoketolase enzyme

*LDH-Lactate dehydrogenase.
*FDP-Fructose-1,6-diphosphate

http://textbookofbacteriology.net/lactics_2.html

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-Facultative anaerobe

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Facultative anaerobic organism Top # 10 Facts

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Facultative anaerobic organism Top # 10 Facts