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“According to a study that investigated the persistence of feelings, some individuals, especially those with lower cognitive abilities, may continue to foster negative feelings or express discomfort towards a certain topic even after disconfirmation of the false information.” (Moscadelli, A., Albora, G., Biamonte, M. A., Giorgetti, D., Innocenzio, M., Paoli, S., Lorini, C., Bonanni, P., & Bonaccorsi, G. (2020). Fake news and Covid-19 in Italy: Results of a quantitative observational study).

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“Parasocial interaction refers to the degree or propensity of an individual to develop an emotional connection with a figure considered as a guide, or a role model.” (Apuke, O. D., & Ohmar, B. (2020). Modelling the antecedent factors that affect online fake news sharing on COVID-19: The moderating role of fake news knowledge. Health Education Research, 35, 490-503.).

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“The aim is to manipulate and mold public opinion. While a factual news story is created by a journalist, fake news is a product of both the writer and the audience, inasmuch as it only exists if it is perceived to be real.” (Moscadelli, A., Albora, G., Biamonte, M. A., Giorgetti, D., Innocenzio, M., Paoli, S., Lorini, C., Bonanni, P., & Bonaccorsi, G. (2020). Fake news and Covid-19 in Italy: Results of a quantitative observational study).

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“Misinformation is defined as false information that is communicated without deliberate malice; disinformation is false information that is communicated with the intent to deceive”.(O’Connor, C.,  Murphy,  M. (2020). Going viral: Doctors must tackle fake news in the covid-19 pandemic).

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“Fake news is any form of falsehood, including rumours, hoaxes, myths, conspiracy theories and other misleading or inaccurate (purposely or not) shared or published content." (Apuke, O. D., & Omar, B. (2020). Modelling the antecedent factors that affect online fake news sharing on COVID-19: The moderating role of fake news knowledge. Health Education Research, 35, 490-503. ).

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“when exposed to a large amount of news, associated with the inability to discern quality information from false information, psychological distress increases, worsens pre-existing psychiatric conditions and increases feelings of negativity.” (Júnior, J. G., De Alencar, H. L., Araújo, W. D. S., de Lima, L. M., & de Vasconcelos, C. A. C. (2020). Impact of Fake news on the mental health of the older adult population in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Wulfenia Journal, Klagenfurt, Austria, 27, 12-16.).

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“Some patients have been unwilling to take ibuprofen, leaving non-covid illnesses untreated. Other patients with serious, time sensitive non-covid illnesses—such as stroke—have had delayed presentations, with irreversible deficits because of concerns about contracting covid-19 in hospital.” (O’Connor, C.,  Murphy,  M. (2020). Going viral: Doctors must tackle fake news in the covid-19 pandemic).

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“False information in messages has detracted from the evidence-based precautions that the health service is promoting, such as social distancing and hand hygiene.” (O’Connor, C.,  Murphy,  M. (2020). Going viral: Doctors must tackle fake news in the covid-19 pandemic).

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“This population have greater risks for psychiatric pathologies and, therefore, in those especially with mood disorders such as depression, anxiety disorder and psychotic disorders, the fake news can be sources of suffering, intensifying previous symptoms or even functioning as triggers.” (Júnior, J. G., De Alencar, H. L., Araújo, W. D. S., de Lima, L. M., & de Vasconcelos, C. A. C. (2020). Impact of Fake news on the mental health of the older adult population in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Wulfenia Journal, Klagenfurt, Austria, 27, 12-16.)

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IV. Second main idea: Consequences on people's health

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IV. Second main idea: Consequences on people's health

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“The concept of perceived herd assumes that information or message is perceived to be reliable when shared or accepted by many.” (Apuke, O. D., & Ohmar, B. (2020). Modelling the antecedent factors that affect online fake news sharing on COVID-19: The moderating role of fake news knowledge. Health Education Research, 35, 490-503. ).

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“We thus contend that the ideas or information relating to COVID-19 shared by individuals that are familiar to the users may cause them to trust the information, without necessarily verifying such information.” (Apuke, O. D., & Ohmar, B. (2020). Modelling the antecedent factors that affect online fake news sharing on COVID-19: The moderating role of fake news knowledge. Health Education Research, 35, 490-503.)

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B. Support 2:  Fears has become the reason for  the outbreak of infodemic in COVID-19 era

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B. Support 2:  Fears has become the reason for  the outbreak of infodemic in COVID-19 era

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“Conspiracy theories and alternative facts find fertile ground on the Internet, feeding off the restlessness and helplessness of people, frustrated firstly because they could not foresee the disaster and secondly because they are unable to indicate the culprit of such tragedy.” (Moscadelli, A., Albora, G., Biamonte, M. A., Giorgetti, D., Innocenzio, M., Paoli, S., Lorini, C., Bonanni, P., & Bonaccorsi, G. (2020). Fake news and Covid-19 in Italy: Results of a quantitative observational study).

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“Since the beginning of the year we’ve seen a surge in fake news exploiting public fear and uncertainty  around the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.” (PwC UK - How fake news has exploited COVID-19. (2020).

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A. Support 1: People tend to believe in fake news during COVID-19 period

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A. Support 1: People tend to believe in fake news during COVID-19 period

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III. First main idea:  Reasons why fake news is spreading in the time of COVID-19

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III. First main idea:  Reasons why fake news is spreading in the time of COVID-19

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The spread of fake news in COVID-19 period and its consequences on people's health.