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Phonemic Awareness is understanding that words are made up of a combination of individual sounds (phonemes), then being able to identify and manipulate those sounds by breaking a word into various sound parts and joining them together to form the word again.

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Phonics is associating a specific letter or groups of letters (graphemes) with their spoken sound (phonemes). For example, the letter s makes the /s/ sound and the combination of c and h make the sound /ch/ as in church.

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Fluency is the ability to read a text with proper pace, accuracy, smoothness, and inflection and to process the text automatically (automaticity).

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Vocabulary are words that students can understand when they read, hear, or verbalize them.

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Comprehension is the deliberate thinking process that happens as we understand what we read by forming meaning with text.