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The STM temporarily stores information from the SR. It contains information being thought about currently so it is an active memory system.

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Try to do this without looking at the Padlet page :)

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One strength of this theory is that there is evidence to support it. For example Peterson and Peterson showed that after 18 seconds the amount of data from made up trigrams had reduced from 90% to 5%. However there is little evidence considering the STM duration of other forms of stimuli like visual stimuli.

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One advantage of the explanation of coding in the short term memory is that it has accurate research to support it. For example, Baddeley's research of coding was a lab experiment, meaning that cause and effect can clearly be shown. This matters because it indicates that this explanation had valid research to support it, thus meaning that the explanation is valid and can be applied to people beyond the research setting.

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Once you have read the information above, complete this activity to test your knowledge :)

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When you have read the information on capacity of STM print off and complete this crossword :)

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Factors such as age and practice will affect the STM capacity. This affects generalisability.

Nowadays limitations of the STM are mainly seen as due to attention as this influences processing. This affects applicability.

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Miller reviewed research and found that a 'chunk' is the basic unit of the STM and the short term memory can hold 5-9 chunks at one time.

Simon found that the capacity of chunks  varied depending on the type of material being recalled and the amount of information in each chunk.

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Example of Short Term Memory in the Real World

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Example of Short Term Memory in the Real World

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When Gweneviere Mann lost her short-term memory, following surgery to remove a brain tumor, she was forced to navigate life in a new way. But she wasn't alone. With the support of her boyfriend, Yasir Salem, Gweneviere found she could tackle the challenges her condition threw her way-and a few more.

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A weakness of the theory of the capacity of the STM is that the experiments involved in the research lack mundane realism. For example Jacobs' experiment involved learning lists of letters and this has little relevance to everyday life. This matters because it reduces the ecological validity and means that the theory may not be able to be applied to the short term memory as an explanation.

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DARKMATTER Creative Commons - Copyright Free Music Library

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Short-term memory allows recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal Its capacity is also very limited George A.

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Alan Baddeley explains his research and experiment

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Play this kahoot to test your knowledge after reading this page :)
https://play.kahoot.it/#/k/ee94db68-6c6c-4c04-b498-26bca6e4e89f

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Research of coding - influence of acoustic and semantic similarities on short and long-term memory for word sequences - Alan Baddeley (1966) 

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Research of coding - influence of acoustic and semantic similarities on short and long-term memory for word sequences - Alan Baddeley (1966) 

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Aim: to assess whether coding in STM and LTM is mainly acoustic or semantic
Procedure: 75 participants were presented with one or of four word lists repeated four times.
List A: acoustically similar words (words that sound the same) - cat, mat, sat.
List B: acoustically dissimilar words (words that sound different) - cow, pit, day.
List C: semantically similar words (words that mean the same) - big, huge, tall.
List D: semantically dissimilar (words that mean different things) - hot, safe, foul
Findings: For STM, participants given list A performed the worst - recall of 10%. Participants confused similar sounding words (i.e. map instead of mat). Recall for other lists were better - between 60 and 80%. For LTM, participants with list C performed the worst - recall of 55%. Participants confused similar meaning words (i.e. large instead of big). Recall for other lists were better - between 70 and 85%.
Conclusion: For STM list A was recalled the least efficiently, suggesting that STM is encoded on an acoustic basis. For LTM list C was recalled the least efficiently, suggesting that LTM is encoded on a semantic basis.

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Jacobs tested STM by presenting increasingly long lists of numbers/letters then asked to recall them. For example "3,9,1" (asked to recall) then "2,5,8,1" (asked to recall) etc. After participants fail on 50% of tasks then they are perceived as reaching capacity.
He found capacity for numbers = 9 items
Capacity for letters = 7 items
Numbers are probably easier to remember because there are on 0-9 whereas there are 26 letters.

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Peterson & Peterson made up trigrams, combinations of 3 random letters that don't make a word. The participants were then told to count backwards in threes from a large three digit number, for varying amounts of time.
Findings:
> 90% of trigrams were correctly recalled after 3 seconds, but only 5% after 18 seconds
Conclusion:
Short term memory has a limited duration when rehearsal is prevented.

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Information comes from the sensory memory store in its original form (e.g sound) and is then encoded into an appropriate form the STM can interpret. For example, there are 3 different  ways that the word dog can be encoded:
Visually - thinking of the image of the dog
Acoustically - repeatedly saying 'dog'
Semantically - through meaning, so knowledge that a dog barks.

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Information remains in the STM for up to 30 seconds without being lost.
This time period can be extended by rehearsals which is the repetition of information.
If rehearsal occurs for long enough, information will be transferred from the STM to the LTM.

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It has a limited capacity. Research suggests that it can hold 5-9 items, but can be increased by chunking, for example chunking twelve letters of ITVABCFBIOBE into four chunks ITV/ABC/FBI/OBE would increase capacity.