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Limitation for "implicit and explicit attitudes toward autistic Adults"

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Limitation for "implicit and explicit attitudes toward autistic Adults"

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The data was collected online and the participants who were included in the test were neurotypical Adults, the results might differ if the participant's brains function differently from each other and they take the test in person.

Dickter, C. L., Burk, J. A., Zeman, J. L., & Taylor, S. C. (2020). Implicit and Explicit Attitudes toward Autistic Adults. Autism in Adulthood, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2019.0023

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participant recognition and response time to the stimuli may be affected by their mood, tiredness, or concentration on that day. They may find it difficult to distinguish between the stimuli, and or may take longer recognising the category and button it belongs to. This may be a simple concentration and recognition task than showing an unconscious bias.

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results should not inform important decisions of the individual as they can fluctuate due to extraneous variables

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research biases are eliminated as the test is conducted by an individual

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Do Implicit and Explicit Racial Biases Influence Autism Identification and Stigma?

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Do Implicit and Explicit Racial Biases Influence Autism Identification and Stigma?

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Benefits:

(1) the participants used in the study were ethnically diverse as it ensures that the study is representative of the real world

(2) The Disability Valence IAT was used which uncovers hidden biases that people may have regarding Clinical diagonoses this makes the paper reliable.

Limitations

(1) A wider age group should have been used as attitudes and biases can vary across different ages.

(2) the participants were only shown children who were African American or White which disregards the wider population

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Beyond these good and bad features, implicit bias also contains an ugliness. By focusing on individuals as the primary site for solutions, implicit bias depoliticises gender inequity, shifting focus away from the historical, social, structural, and political contexts in which those inequities are produced and maintained. 

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Beyond these good and bad features, implicit bias also contains an ugliness. By focusing on individuals as the primary site for solutions, implicit bias depoliticises gender inequity, shifting focus away from the historical, social, structural, and political contexts in which those inequities are produced and maintained. 

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Cons: in some studies in order to reduce bias, researchers may not fully inform participants of their aims for the study. This thus poses ethical implications as participants cannot fully give consent.

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Cons: in some studies in order to reduce bias, researchers may not fully inform participants of their aims for the study. This thus poses ethical implications as participants cannot fully give consent.

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Pros: it can be widely distributed across different cultures and demographics 

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Pros: it can be widely distributed across different cultures and demographics 

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pro - Widely used measure, therefore can be more genralised to the whole population and other cultures

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pro - Widely used measure, therefore can be more genralised to the whole population and other cultures

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-cultural associations

-doesn't distinguish between culture and stereotypes

-results don't consider peoples experiences

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-no bias

-test is simple to do

-cost effective

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Pros

o   Immune to manipulation, unlike the survey questions where the appearance of the enumerator has a strong effect on participant responses. This is thought to be due to the unobservability of sorting latencies.

o   A decrease in demand characteristics as participants cannot fake their results.

o   A meta-analysis on the IAT has shown that the test provides modest predictions of behaviour, which are better than self-reports.

Cons

o   There is no explanation for peoples answers of the IAT (their possible experiences, where they got their prejudices from, etc).

o   The study is not replicable, as you can repeat it and each time will get you contradictory evidence.

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-variations in IAT effects might be caused by attributes other than attitudes or stereotypes, which can limit the overall quality

-self report method, which is open to bias and false results

-IATs are restricted to the assessment of relative association

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+ allows to see cognitive structures

+ allowed for development in psychopathology

- measures the strength of an association rather than the nature of it

-many beliefs are more complex than associations which IAT doesn't account for

Jan de Houwer, 2002

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IAT can only provide indirect evidence as it doesn’t measure beliefs. It can only provide an index of associations that are assumed to be involved in certain beliefs.

(Jan De Houwer, IAT as a tool for studying dysfunctional associations in psychopathology)

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Pros:

It tests for subconscious bias without the participants knowing

It is relativelye quick to set up and carry out

Cons:

Ideologically bias, subconsciously ias by the psychologist are influencing the key aims of their study

Individual differecnes like age and IQ can have an impact on the speed of which we complete the IAT

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Pros:

Provides us with a method of indirectly measuring an individual’s unconscious, implicit attitudes without relying on self-reports that may be affected by the need to seem socially acceptable

Short test - can be easily replicated with large samples

Real life application to marketing - can measure people’s attitudes towards products which in turn can be used to make products more appealing

Cons:

Delay in time taken to complete the second part of the IAT may not necessarily be due to implicit attitudes but instead because the Ps have already learnt the first condition and become familiar with it. This means that when it comes to the second condition with different tasks, the increased time taken to complete the task may be due to the P having to relearn the task, therefore the IAT may have low reliability

The test is a product of the culture in which it was created and may not be applicable to other cultures , therefore cannot generalise to wider (non-Western) populations

Results show the implicit views of the society that an individual was raised in, rather than the implicit views of the individual themselves (Jan De Houwer, 2002)

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Pro - Tests for subconscious bias so participants aren't aware of what they are being tested for

Pro - Cost effective and time efficient

Con - Ideologically bias - psychologists subconscious biases are influencing the aims of their study

Con -Individual differences such as age and IQ can influence the speed of response

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Components of implicit stigma against mental illness among Chinese students

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Components of implicit stigma against mental illness among Chinese students

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Limitations:

Data is correlational so does not allow for conclusions to be drawn about causation.

Limited number of attribute words; therefore other aspects of implicit stigma (e.g., “loss of face,” “shame,” and “destructive”) warrant inclusion in future studies.

Studied attitudes toward mental illness among undergraduate students, a group that is not representative of the general public in China

Assessed attitudes towards mental illness in general, did not differentiate between different disorders. e. schizophrenia, depression.

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Provides insights into an individuals unconscious bias

It provides awareness which encourages further research for educational purposes

Negatives

Possibility of measurement stood

Individual differences may influence the results

There is the possibility that it will still reflect societal attitudes rather than personal attitudes

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Some individuals may not want to participate in the test (supported by the research paper “A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test” which stated it was possible that providers with greater bias chose not to participate which could lead to no impactful changes towards improved healthcare for these minority groups. People could also lie (demand characteristics) or could delay their responses to white faces for example to not appear racist. This means the level of implicit biases could be underestimated.

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One limitation is that there are order effects present which can hugely impact the results of the test, for instance if you’re originally using your right hand for ‘good and white’ it can then be more difficult to afterward then use your left hand for good instead, consequently making the participant more hesitant.

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You can do the tests on a large scale with large samples and meta-analysis done, meaning it’s generalisable and can predict behaviour in numerous domains. This can be done as it’s cheap and easy to do.

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don’t know if it’s measuring what it’s actually meant to measure becuase of the multiple extraneous variables like mood, if someone’s extremely angry then they wouldn’t like anyone all togther.

Ingroup out group affect

nurture (such as what they’ve grown up with and what they’re surrounded by)

previous stereotypes

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+      People may never realize they hold biases until they are pointed out. And when you make people aware, they can take steps to help alleviate their biases. One of the main benefits of bias testing is that it challenges people to see things from a different perspective.

(self-awareness) https://www.vectorsolutions.com/resources/blogs/importance-bias-testing/

Ø  The results of test results in laws that can protect people – discriminatory act.

+      Practical applications: used in marketing and interviews. If implicit attitudes are identified, can avoid choosing for example men in an interview over women (legislation/laws/policies). Can look at people’s implicit attitudes towards an object or product and implement this into the manufacturing to create a product that will be well received.

+      Better than self-report

+      Lots of studies – across ages, genders and cultures – generalisable

+      In a lab – on computer – controlled study

+      Easy, cheap to collect large amounts of data

+      Research biases are eliminated

Low social desirability bias – less susceptible to faking answers – can’t conform to something you are unaware of. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19312458.2011.596992

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Doesn’t require direct questioning of participants/subjects. This reduces the impact of their conscious intent, which increases the validity of the findings.

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IAT cheap and easy to conduct and collect lots of results and data.

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Limitations

- don’t know if its measuring implicit bias due to extraneous variables- disabilities e.g., dyslexia, mood

- order effects

- only measures implicit bias to a certain extent would need other tests carried out to get a full understating of the topic

-tests may pick up cultural knowledge rather than a self-association with the implicit behaviours

-demand characteristics

Strengths

-generalisable

-meta-analysis

-can be done over different age groups, ethnic groups etc

-become aware of the implicit bias and reflect on how they think and act

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IAT implies the strength of the implicit bias however not the malleability (whether or not it can be changed). Cannot measure how stable the bias is or it’s permanence in influencing our attitudes.

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The test-retest reliability has not been investigated.

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The IAT doesn’t take into account other variables that may affect our implicit bias ie. PTSD

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measures association rather than belief

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Pros:
High implicit measures are sufficient to avoid negative affective reactions to feeback.
Can be used on data that has always been collected.
Has internal reliability because it is not influenced by external factors.

Cons:
The IAT requires focus and attention.
Requires being able to understand detailed instructions.
Could be a result of cultural association, not your own associations.

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Easily accessible online, everyone can use it

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Highly flexible meaning it can be adapted to suit a variety of research purposes

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Positives
- Useful when studying socially sensitive topics
- Easy online quick test so can get a large sample/ reduces cost

Negatives
- Easy to figure out what they’re testing and therefore you can change your answers so they’re not a true reflection of your implicit attitudes
- are people just getting bored/ tired by the end of the test?

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Strengths:
- It is a way of measuring implicit biases which the participant is not consciously aware of so, without the IAT they would not  realize they have an implicit bias.

- It is useful in understanding a person's bias in socially sensitive research. Often if you told someone to express their true thoughts on something like racism then they are likely to lie to look good (social desirabiltiy). The IAT makes it harder to fake your biases.

- Only takes a few minutes to do and can be easily replicated so you can get a large sample size.

Weaknesses:
- I think there is a flaw in the IAT in that you are tasked with matching positive or negative adjectives with specific people. Then after some practice, the test asks you to flip the adjectives and people. This means you have to relearn how to do the test so it will naturally take longer and this may affect the results. It doesn't necessarily mean the person is biased towards a particular group. Relearning may be a confounding variable.

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Measures associations and not causation

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Solely relies on the interpretation of the psychologist

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Strengths:
• can be adapted to assess the multitude of constructs such as self esteem and self concept.
• recently incorporates child friendly elements e.g larger keys and verbal recordings of words to account for varied reading abilities
•people are less likely to fake their answers meaning low social desirability

Limitations:
• people may retest which means low reliability
• context variables may affect the results e.g if someone is tired, low mood, low self esteem - time of day etc
• a way to fake results as it uses self report methods

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Subjective- participants could have different meanings for 'good' and 'bad' related to what they are associating it to

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positives
+ no demand characteristics
+ quick way of collecting data and is cost effective
+ low amount of bias

negatives
- lacks mundane realism as the tasks that are given may not be done in everyday life
- easily affected by extraneous variables
- measuring attitudes rather than beliefs

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Positives:
+ Very low bias if any at all
+ No demand characteristics affecting results
+ room for interpretation
Negatives:
- Doesn't measure beliefs but associations
-  Low reliability
- Influenced easily by external factors.

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Limitations

Can have a low reliability
Can be contradicting to what one consciously believes
Solely relies on the interpretation of the psychologist

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Strengths

Research biases are eliminated

Everyone can do the IAT as it’s easily accessible online

We can become aware of the implicit biases and begin to address them

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External distractions could influence response time and therefore invalidate results.

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S- less susceptible to social desirability bias, meaning the test has high validity
S-The test can be adapted to suit a variety of research topics

W-The test does not reflect the nature or directionality of an association between concepts, it can only reflect the strength of an association
W-IAT scores reflect four separate phenomena, an attitude is only one

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The IAT has low ecological validity because there will be much more stimuli in an environment determining people's attitudes

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Any research biases are eliminated
Privacy is optimised
No chance of being judged by a researcher
Not influenced by others opinions

Not reliable
Can’t indicate whether a person is prejudiced because it’s not an explicit or self report measure

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It is a better tool than self report for judging implicit values

It is easily accessible (online) meaning the sample size is larger

It encourages social responsibility

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Low test/retest reliability - (Rae & Olson 2018)

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The IAT does not necessarily measure implicit bias as many participants are aware/become aware that the their biases are being tested. Monteith et al (2001)

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Its unclear what is really being assessed- Implicit bias or just associations

No obvious intervention to address negative implicit values

If the IAT is viewed as a personality assessment it is not held to the the same standard as most psychometric tests

Reliability is low meaning test retest scores are low

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Real world application, can be used to help people understand there own implicit biases and work on them. Helping people to become more self aware.

https://www.mededportal.org/doi/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.7792

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Toss Er Al (2020) - shown to increase the prediction of risky driving behaviours.

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can only provide a measure of the relative strength of the associations, cant make inferences

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- good test-retest reliability

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- Advantage = it has demonstrates a strong predictive validity [Fazio and Olson]
- Advantage = haas demonstrated a strong reliability estimates than evaluating priming tasks. [Nosek et al 2007]

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Can expose hidden biases within institutions

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Results often show how familiar certain characteristics etc are to the participants.

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Less chance of participants to be faking or fall victim to demand characteristics

It’s the method to look at attitudes

It can provide a more complete picture

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- measures associations rather than explicit behaviours/beliefs

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scholars question the utility

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It is not clear the extent to which these implicit associations predict discrimination and prejudice

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The words used for association have to be similar

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A better way to test the predictive validity is to use a longitudinal design

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- easy to use
- can measure implicit biases that may not be consciously recognised or acknowledged
- provides valuable insights into our unconscious attitudes and associations

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More work is required before BIAT can be established as a valid alternative
BIAT not independent from explicit motive measures and hence are not valid measurement for implicit motives

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Inability to clarify whether the association is implicit or unstated

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Allows awareness of perceptual bias.

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Advantages- highly flexible as the IAT can be adapted to suit a variety of research purposes.
Participants are less susceptible to fake answer meaning a low social desirability bias.
Everyone can do the IAT as it is easily accessible as it is online.
Limitations- can have a low reliability as people may retest.
measures association rather than beliefs.

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pro:
- can be used for a variety of research
- participants are less perceptible to lie so it avoids social desirability
- easily accessible

con:
-requires concentration over a long period of time
- it measures association rather than beliefs - lacks validity
- test re-test is not consistent so it has low reliability
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Pros:
- when adapted can be used for a variety of research purposes (very flexible.)
- participants are less susceptible to fake answers (low social desirability bias.)
- easily accessible as can be done online

Cons:
- measures association rather than beliefs (low validity)
- test re-test show low reliability (Fazio and Olson 2003)

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- requires focus and concentration throughout a lenghty trials
- particpants could be distracted by external stimuli and miss the stimuli they were given on the trial
- low reliability ( low test-retest reliabilty)

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benefits:
1. participants are less susceptible to faking their results
2. it can be adapted to suit a variety of research
3. easily accessible for anyone to access at any time

limitations:
1. you need to focus on a task for a long period of time so requires a long attention span and is time consuming
2. it measures associations rather than beliefs
3. low test-retest reliability as the results changed each time

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- Participants are less suspectable to faking
- It can be adapted to suit a variety research
- It’s easily accessible

Limitations:
- you need to focus on the task for a long period of time
- associations rather than beliefs
- test re test shows low reliability

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cons:
- can be sensitive to the social context it is taken in
- cant determine if its measuring unconscious attitudes or associations picked up from the environment

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Susceptible to response biases

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Pros
-allows us to find implicit biases (therefore they can be addressed)
Cons
-Time consuming
-Only using one group of participants does not give a representative of the full population (e.g. older vs. younger generations have different morals backgrounds)

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Please enter your username and password to access SHU systems.

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- a well-validated algorithm is used to calculate the time elapsed between presentation of a stimuli and the association made and improved block order resulting from the volume of research this test attracted.
- participants are less susceptible to faking
- easily accessible

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+
*Less bias
*Quick
*Easy

-
*Non-naivety
*If a participant understands the test they can manipulate results
*Inattention

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Results are biased towards those that can access the test online.

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1) people may lie in the short questionnaire at the end of test
2) no timer —> says to answer as quick possible but there is no time limit
3) certain demographic doing test —> mostly educated people

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-Results can be affected by practice. getting used to switching between keys and what words fit into which category, participants are likely to get more used to the procedure as it goes on. Getting better at putting the right words into the right categories.
-More reliable to say that the test looks at people's associations not their actual beliefs.

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1) generalisable data
2) easy to interpret data
3) easily accessible —> free online test

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Participant inattention can affect results and skew the data

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Cons - Relies on researchers own interpretations of results so can be bias within their own interpretations
Pros - Accessible and cheap
- Tends to be less bias in comparison to self reports.

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Strengths:
- Reduced biased because test is implicit.
- Can be used to predict behaviour
Weakness:
- Only modest reliability (meta-analysis shows scores vary from test to test)
- Associations could be as a result of cultural knowledge instead of residing with the person

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Can be adapted to assess a multitude of constructs such as self-esteem and self-concept
Implicit so it can’t be bias
Easy and quick as it can be done online

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- May lead to implicit bias which can influence subtle forms of discrimination
- No studies show that people who score higher or lower differ in any way
- Can't be applied to real settings e.g. courtrooms as doesn't explicitly show any bias, whether conscious or unconscious

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Easy and quick to test a mass number of people when conducted online.

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Restricts participant selection- needs to be carried out in a lab, it’s computer based and taken under time pressure so needs concentration and mental effort

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quick and easy to test - cost effective

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Measures association not belief
Less ecological validity

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IAT measures associations rather than true beliefs

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Less reasearch bias
Less risk of mundane realism
Higher reliably- easily repeated

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does not distinguish between cultural stereotyping, knowledge of these stereotypes and prejudice

poor test retest

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Does not distinguish between cultural stereotyping,  knowledge of these stereotypes, and prejudice.
Some debate the tests psychometric validity and reliability.