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Legal and ethical issues in research Arianna and Stella

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Legal and ethical issues in research Arianna and Stella

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Regarding clinical trials involving human participants, the ethical and legal issues are increasingly raising concern. The problems of  scientific misconduct involve fraud, description and breach of privacy. It is believed that there are three ethical principles : respect for person's, beneficence and justice. Many international organisations regulate these aspects, such as the importance of informed consent in which the subject confirms his or her willingness to participate.

When using personal or confidential information, a written consent must be acquired.
The researcher should always reference the material that has been used, or possibly face the withdrawal of the article.
Studies involving human subjects should be publicky accessible and as accurate as possible. Access to all participants of the work must be granted and acknowledged.

Hedges :

..may possibly waste resources..

Benefits may be acquired..

It is believed that there are three ethical principles...

Some of these violations may possibly result in…

References

Yip C, Han NLR, Sng BL. Legal and ethical issues in research. Indian J of Anaesth 2016;60:684-8

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The German experience of plagiarism

A summary

Plagiarism has several different definitions but overall, it is using material written by a third party without using quotation marks or any referencing. Although plagiarism is a criminal offense, in Germany it is not always taken as such as it can happen unconsciously.

Historically, the word ‘’plagiat’’ comes from latin and means buying a free person as a slave. Academic plagiarism has certain similarities with the overall meaning, but it is a lot more specific.

A great impact on the importance of plagiarism came from 2011, when a review of a work done by the German Defence Minister then, was published online, which showed that in one of his works, 23 long paragraphs were literally copied with no quotation marks from different sources. It went viral in a matter of days, resulting in many different things, but eventually, the Defence Minister resigned. Thanks to the event, a Wiki came into being where the focus was on cases of plagiarism. It feature an option for anonymous reports, which was often good as people didn’t want to reveal their identities, while pointing out plagiarism, for their own sake.However, it is sometimes criticised, as anonymous users might not possess required qualification on given subject to point out plagiarism. In the Wiki, for a work to be considered plagiarism, several examples of plagiarism from the piece of work are needed. Thirdly, visual presentations (i.e. using different colors, barcode) are encouraged, in order to highlight the use of unauthorized material.

As a result of the German experience, academic honesty has become a lot more important. Right now, when doing any kind of significant academic work, people are expected to cite any materials used, which are not their own, and then confirm the rest of the material is their own. In schools, teachers have started using anti-plagiarism softwares, which automatically analyze if a work is plagiarism or not.

Which is always difficult (page 11, paragraph 5)
Would not be sufficient (page 11, paragraph 4)
The view is already documented by English ( page 11, paragraph 6)
Is generally obliged to include (page 15, paragraph 4)
May have committed (page 13, paragraph 3)

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Plagiarism

This article introduced and elaborated the problem of academic dishonesty, how it began and how to regulate it, all this using Germany’s experiences as an example.

Firstly, to start off the topic with clarity, the act of ‘plagiarism’ must be defined. There are an abundance of opinions on how we should interpret the term itself. There are both the everyday life ‘plagiarism’ we are familiar with, but also the more regulated ‘academic plagiarism’ Although the margins of it vary the idea that most of the authors mentioned agreed on was that of English (1933).

“Plagiarism is, therefore, the action of extracting, for one’s own work, at the discretion of a said author or artist, from a non insignificant idea of a third part, with the intention of erasing the origin of this forced loan via the respective transformation, thereby giving the reader or viewer the impression of an own creation”

Second of all the article focus on why even have the issue of plagiarism and overall academic dishonesty. With countries such as germany the title ‘doctor’ was brought to an almost equivalent level to the status of royalties in the 19th century. This made the title very desirable and made people use acute measures to achieve the title usually difficult to acquire.

Since this required hard work, dedication and also intelligence, which some had a paucity of, they had to turn to other means. At first this was done by “bribing” universities, but this “in absentia” method was soon limited and then people started to plagiarize.

Plagiarism has been fought with different Wikis, such as but not limited to “Vorniplag” pointing out the copied work through barcodes. “Vorniplag” operates with anonymous contributors finding parallels, then if there are multiple per one text they will be brought out by visual representation.

Plagiarism has been associated with education ever since these early times, but nowadays, when more opportunities have opened for us, checking the parallels within certain academic works has become easier. This has called for new regulations such as the Research Ombudsman in Germany (now also adapted to Austria).  The legislation right now has some loopholes and some say it is in need of an update.

This article covered the timeline and the details of plagiarism very thoroughly.

1)may be
2)inadvertantly
3)should be
4)can be
5)may serve
6)some might also

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Norman Aasma Studies in Higher Education 

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Norman Aasma Studies in Higher Education 

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Nowadays it is common to seek the fastest possible solutions to assignments, not paying attention to the work of others. There are many tools/programs that detect plagiarism. Students don't really care about it.

Hedges

It provides

We believe
May Be

References
Ashworth, P., & Thorne, P. (1997). Guilty in whose Eyes? University Students' Perceptions of Cheating and Plagiarism in Work and Assessment. Studies in Higher Education, 22(2), 187-203. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/030750797123313,81034
Atkins, T., & Nelson, G. (2001). Plagiarism and the Internet: Turn,

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In every aspect of studying, academic plagiarism sadly is always there. Not even considering the trustability of the source, most of the students do it, as it is the one of the easiest solution to tasks assigned. The rate of students using plagiarism is increasing with the spread of Internet, which provides easier access to knowledge. The widespread issues with plagiarising have led science and technology to develop new ways to detect and respond to it. Although students know the risk of plagiarising they will still do it and the rate at which, will likely be increasing as well.

...never or seldom cited their sources

...more than 350 activities

...may be the basis

...we believe that

...

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Legal and ethical Anne Grete Aps, Roald Ivask - Legal and ethical issues in research.

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Legal and ethical Anne Grete Aps, Roald Ivask - Legal and ethical issues in research.

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The general purpose of clinical research is to collect and analyse large amount of data and draw conclusions from that. This can help improve medicine and help future patientsw. That said, the ethical and legal issues relating to the research and patients involved needs attention. The Declaration of Helsinki has established rules that need to be followed in order to ensue the good conditions, privacy and dignity of the subjects.

Hedges not in order:

1. relevant corrections

2. to the full study data set

3. currently proposing a requirement

4. appropriately investigated

5. inadvertently included

6. may give an undue

7. substantially with one

8. may lead to

9. it is imperative

10. suggest that authors

11. may serve as

12. should not be

13. may be a spouse

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Karl Oskar Pungas, Tambet Järve: Legal and ethical issues in research

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Karl Oskar Pungas, Tambet Järve: Legal and ethical issues in research

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Many are growing increasingly concerned about the legal and ethical aspects of research, especially work involving human trials. Although there are many international treaties and organisations which regulate th  and emphasise the importance of informed consent and integrity of work, there still are plenty of cases where issues such as fraud in research, plagiarism, breaches of privacy and overlaps in publications exist. This is why one must have a good overview of all rules and regulations pertaining to the subject in order to produce fruitful and law-abiding work.

Hedges:
is considered
may allow
should also be informed
can distort
usually

Source:
Yip C, Han NLR, Sng BL. Legal and ethical issues in research. Indian J of Anaesth 2016;60:684-8.