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1st level is where all the energy goes. 2nd level is primary consumers such as herbivores. 3rd level is secondary consumers where they eat meat. carnivores and omnivores are found on the 3rd level. The top one 4th level is the animals that are at the top of the food chain.Teritary consumers are found on the fourh level also known as predators

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The law of conservation of mass states that mass in an isolated system is neither created nor destroyed by chemical reactions or physical transformations.In physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant—it is said to be conserved over time. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it transforms from one form to another.The law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as system mass cannot change quantity if it is not added or removed. Hence, the quantity of mass is "conserved" over time.

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Osmosis is when the solvent or water goes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Diffusion is when it spreads.

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polymers are a long chain of amino acids. Peptide bonds is the bond between 2 amino acid. Water is polar. Water is a polar covalent molecules.

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Monosaccaride = fructose
disaccaride= sucrose
polysaccaride = glycogen and cellulose

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Calvin cycle is also known as the dark reaction. The calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts also known as the fluid of the chloroplast. CO2, ATP, and NADPH go into the calvin cycle to produce sugar or C6H12O6, ADP, and NADP+.

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Light-dependent reaction takes place in the thylakoid. light dependent reaction takes in light, H2O, ADP, and NADP+ which ADP and NADP+ are products of the calvin cycle. Chlorophyll is located in the chloroplasts. chlorophyll takes in light. Inside the chloroplasts, the light-dependent reaction and the calvin cycle take place. Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH are the products of the light dependent reaction.

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Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. The krebs cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. The electron transport chain takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria. Glycolysis is anaerobic respiration which means it can take place with no oxygen present and the krebs cycle and the electron transport chain is aerobic respiration which means the cycle requires oxygen to take place.

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The bridge reaction bridges the cytoplasm and the mitochondria together. It changes from a cycle from anaerobic respiration to aerobic repiration. It also bridges glycolysis and the krebs cycle.

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You take the 3 carbon molecule of pyruvic acid and break off one carbon. 1 carbon leaves n the form of carbon dioxide. After that happens there is a 2 carbon molecule called acetate. This takes place in the mitochondria where enzymes are present. An enzyme called Coenzyme A attaches to acetate to form a 2 carbon molecule called acetyl CoA.

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You take glucose and break it apart. You need 2 molecules of ATP to break it apart. Then you get 2 molecules of PGAL. you start off with 6 carbons and when you break it you have 3 carbon. You add oxygen to the 2 molecules of PGAL which means you oxidize it.After PGAL goes under oxidation it has 3 different products. 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 molecules of ATP, and 2 molecules of NADH.

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The hydrogen that is removed from pyruvic acid will be accepted by NAD+ to form NADH. There will be a small yield of ATP.

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Aerobic respiration yields or produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.

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Light energy transformed into chemical energy

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Light energy transformed into chemical energy

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Light is an reactant to the process of photosynthesis. Light goes in and sugar and oxygen are the products. the sugar, glucose, is a chemical energy that is used from most of the life on earth.

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Two high energy electrons are removed from PGAL. These electrons are passed through the electron acceptor NAD+. Each NAD+ accepts a pair of electrons to form NADH. This NADH holds the electrons until they can be transferred to other molecules. NAD+ helps to pass the energy from glucose to other pathways into the cell

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The cell must invest a small amount of energy to get the reaction going. 2 molecules of ATP are consumed at the beginning but four molecules of ATP are produced. Therefore glycolysis has a gain of 2 ATP.

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After the steps of glycolysis, pyruvic acid may enter the mitochondria for the Krebs cycle or may remain in the cytoplasm for fermentation.

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2 ATP is used to turn glucose into 2 molecule of PGAL. Then those 2 molecules of PGAL is oxidized to produce 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid is a 3 carbon compound. As the 2 molecules of PGAL is oxidized 2 molecules of NAD+ will be reduced to form two molecules of NADH. After PGAL is oxidized the result is 4 ATP, pyruvic acid, and NADH.

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Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is oxidized to produce two molecules of pyruvic acid.

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Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and the Krebs cycle and the Electron transport chain occurs in the mitochondria.

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Glycolysis (anarobic)
Krebs Cycle (aerobic)
Electron Transport (aerobic)

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aerobic respiration: requires oxygen
anaerobic respiration:does not require oxygen

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How light energy is transformed into chemical energy

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Light-Dependent Cycle/ Calvin Cycle

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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts convert light energy into sugars

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chemical formula
6CO2+6H2O----->C6H12O6+6O

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inputs/outputs
CO2, H2O, and light goes into a plant and sugar and O2 comes out of it.