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coenzyme A attaches to acetate to form acetyl coA used in Krebs cycle

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- 3-C pyruvic acid is converted to 2-C acetate
(remove molecule of carbon)
-for each pyruvic acid that is converted to acetate one molecule of NAD+ is converted to NADH

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bridges glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

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Krebs cycle occurs in the matrix
Electron transport chain along the cristae

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- the NADH that has been produced during glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle will be used to produce ATP
- MOST of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration is produced by the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

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-oxidization of glucose is complete
- they hydrogen that's is removed from pyruvic acid will be accepted by NAD+ and form NADH
- there will be a small yield of ATP

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- pyruvic acid will enter the anaerobic pathways of fermentation
- fermentation yields no ATP
- occurs in cytoplasm

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- pyruvic acid will enter the mitochondria and undergo aerobic respiration
- aerobic respiration includes the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain

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- depends on whether or not oxygen is present
- 2 possibilities

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- NAD+ is a hydrogen electron carrier
- ATP is glucose energy (triphosphate)
- ADP is is glucose energy (diphosphate)
- PGAL is converted glucose
- Pyruvic acid is oxidized PGAL

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- cell would quickly run out of NAD+ to accept the hydrogen electrons
- without NAD+ the cell can't keep glycolysis going and ATP production would stop

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- Glycolysis only produces a gain of 2 ATP per
molecule of glucose
- Glycolysis does not require oxygen

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https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases

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- take place in the thylakoid membrane
- use light energy to make ATP and NADPH

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- takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts
-  not directly dependent on light
- produces glucose

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What role do photosynthesis and cellular respiration play in the recycling of carbon?

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What role do photosynthesis and cellular respiration play in the recycling of carbon?

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Carbon Cycle
-  create breathable air that can be utilized to do work
http://science.jrank.org/pages/1204/Carbon-Cycle-Cellular-respiration.html

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How is energy transformed and matter utilized by living things?

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How is energy transformed and matter utilized by living things?

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http://study.com/academy/lesson/energy-and-life-the-transformation-of-energy-in-living-organisms.html

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If cells can produce chemical energy in an anaerobic environment, why do we need oxygen?

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If cells can produce chemical energy in an anaerobic environment, why do we need oxygen?

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- oxygen is used in our body to burn the sugar and fuel to create energy we use to do all tasks
- we need our food to be broken down and create energy to fuel us

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What role does photosynthesis play in altering Earth's atmosphere?

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What role does photosynthesis play in altering Earth's atmosphere?

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- Without plants and photosynthesis, earth would be inhabitable to all human and animal life
-  takes in the gas carbon dioxide and alters it into breathable air (oxygen)
-  Greenhouse Effect: plants' atmosphere is trapped and warms up the Earth's temperature

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How are photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration related to one another?

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How are photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration related to one another?

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- Photosynthesis produces the oxygen and glucose that cellular respiration needs to produce carbon dioxide and ATP (which then undergoes photosynthesis)
- Glucose is turned back to carbon dioxide which is used in photosynthesis
-  ONGOING CYCLE

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- only 90% of available energy is lost during the transition
- only 10% is passed on to the next

BOTTOM- 100%
2ND-10%
3RD- 1%
TOP- .1%

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BOTTOM
- producers
- autotrophs
- sun gives energy
- produce own food (plants)

2ND LEVEL
- heterotroph
- herbavors
- rabbit, deer, etc

3RD LEVEL
- secondary consumers
- carnivoirs/omnivoirs
- humans, squirrel, fish, snakes

TOP
- tiertiary consumer

DECOMPOSERS: break down matter from dead organisms
- bacteria, fungi, worms

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(C, H, O, N, P, S)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur

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- Proteins: amino acids
- Carbohydrates: starches
- Lipids: nonpolar
- Nucleic Acids

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1) Light Dependent- convert light energy to chemical energy
2) Calvin Cycle- produce simple sugars (ATP)

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INPUT:
- CO2
OUTPUT:
- Oxygen

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- process in which plants change light energy and carbon dioxide to usable chemical energy
- takes place in chloroplast
INPUT:
- Oxygen
OUTPUT:
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

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6CO2 + 6H2O ----> C6 H12 O6+ 6O2

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1) Law of Conservation of Water-  mass is neither created or destroyed
2) Law of Conservation of Energy- energy is neither created or destroyed
3) Law of Conservation of Mass- mass of the products must equal the mass of the reactants E=MC2

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- Adenosine Triphosphate (3)
- Adenosine Diphosphate (2)

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-  3 carbon compound
- Can enter mitochondria for Krebs Cycle
-  Stay in cytoplasm for fermentation

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- Energy of 2 ATP converts glucose into 2 molecules of PGAL
- 2 molecules of PGAL will be oxidized
- Produces 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
- 2 molecules of NAD reduced to form 2 molecules of NADH (used in electron transport

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ&t=2s

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- Glycolysis (anaerobic)
-  Krebs Cycle (aerobic)
-  Electron Transport (aerobic)

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- Aerobic Respiration (need oxygen)
- Anaerobic Respiration (does NOT need oxygen)

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- One molecule of glucose is oxidized to produce 2 molecules of  pyruvic acid
- occurs in cytoplasm
INPUT:
- Glucose
- Oxygen
- 2 ATP
OUTPUT:
- 4 ATP
- 2 NADH
- 2 Pyruvic Acid