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After an uprising of monks in 1921, the Dalai Lama gave up all efforts to modernize the country; the army was disbanded, English schools closed, and regents took over the country following the Dalai Lama’s death in 1933.

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Declaring independence in 1914, the 13th Dalai Lama attempted to institute political reforms but was opposed by the monasteries.

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The Chinese recovered control of the country in 1909, but were expelled by the Dalai Lama in 1913.

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When the British invaded in 1904, the 13th Dalai Lama fled to Mongolia and attempted unsuccessfully to enlist Russian support.

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Its provinces were not unified until the 17th century, when the first Dalai Lama consolidated the country under Manchu patronage

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Political instability is not new to Tibet, but it is arguably its defining characteristic since before the transmission of Buddhism to the region in the 7th century CE

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Certainly the political, economic, cultural, and environmental carnage that resulted from Chinese annexation of the Tibetan region has been well documented

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Monks have taken to the streets before, even in the 20th century. What follow is a summary of the Tibetan conflict with the Chinese in modern history.

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The Tibetans are historically a bellicose people who have defended themselves with force throughout history.

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Buddhist teachings do not rule out the use of force to relieve a greater suffering, although the Buddhist tradition is rightly known for the systematic practice of nonviolence, its first ethical precept.